Biology 112 Chapter 24

Front 1

AMNIOTE

Back 1

VERTEBRATE WHOSE EGG HAS WATERPROOF MEMBRANES THAT ALLOW IT TO DEVELOP AWAY FROM WATER; A REPTILE, BIRD, OR MAMMEL

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CHORDATE

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ANIMAL WITH AN EMBRYO THAT HAS A NOTOCHORD, DORSAL NERVE CORD, PHARYNGEAL GILL SLITS, AND A TAIL THAT EXTENDS BEYOND THE ANUS. FOR EXAMPLE, A LANCELET OR A VERTEBRATE.

Front 3

ENDOSKELETON

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INTERNAL SKELETON MAKE UP OF HARDENED COMPONENTS SUCH AS BONES.

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LANCELET

Back 4

INVERTEBRATE CHORDATE THAT HAS A FISHLIKE SHAPE AND RETAINS THE DEFINING CHORDATE TRAITS INTO ADULTHOOD.

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NOTOCHORD

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STIFF ROD OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT RUNS THE LENGTH OF THE BODY IN CHORDATE LARVAE OR EMBRYOS

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TETRAPOD

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VERTEBRATE WITH FOUR LEGS, OR A DESCENDANT THEREOF.

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TUNICATE

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INVERTEBRATE CHORDATE THAT LOSES MOST OF ITS DEFINING CHORDATE TRAITS DURING THE TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD.

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VERTEBRATE

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ANIMAL WITH A BACKBONE

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CARTILAGINOUS FISH

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JAWED FISH WITH A SKELETON OF CARTILAGE; A SHARK, RAY, OR SKATE

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CLOACA

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BODY OPENING THAT SERVES AS THE EXIT FOR DIGESTIVE WASTE AND URINE; ALSO FUNCTIONS IN REPRODUCTION.

Front 11

JAWLESS FISH

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FISH WITH A SKELETON OF CARTILAGE, NO FINS OR JAWS; A LAMPREY OR HAGFISH

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LOBE-FINNED FISH

Back 12

JAWED FISH WITH FLESHY FINS THAT CONTAIN BONES; A COELACANTH OR LUNGFISH.

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RAY-FINNED FISH

Back 13

JAWED FISH WITH FINS SUPPORTED BY THIN RAYS DERIVED FROM SKIN; MEMBER OF MOST DIVERSE LINEAGE OF FISHES.

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AMPHIBIAN

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TETRAPOD WITH SCALELESS SKIN; IT TYPICALLY DEVELOPS IN WATER, THEN LIVES ON LAND AS A CARNIVORE WITH LUNGS. A FROG OR SALAMANDER

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DINOSAUR

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GROUP OF REPTILES THAT INCLUDE THE ANCESTORS OF BIRDS; BECAME EXTINCT AT THE END OF THE CRETACEOUS.

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ECTODERM

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ANIMALS WHOSE BODY TEMPERATURE VARIES WITH THAT OF ITS ENVIRONMENT.

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ENDODERM

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ANIMAL THAT MAINTAINS ITS TEMPERATURE BY ADJUSTING ITS PRODUCTION FO METABOLIC HEAT; A BIRD OR MAMMAL.

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REPTILE

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AMNIOTE SUBGROUP THAT INCLUDES LIZARDS, SNAKES, TURTLES, CROCODILIANS, AND BIRDS

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MAMMAL

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ANIMAL WITH HAIR OR FUR, FEMALES SECRETE MILK FROM MAMMARY GLANDS.

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MARSUPIAL

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MAMMAL IN WHICH YOUNG ARE BORN AT AN EARLY STAGE AND COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT INA POUCH ON THE MOTHER'S SURFACE.

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MONOTREME

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EGG-LAYING MAMMAL

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PLACENTAL MAMMAL

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MAMMAL IN WHICH MATERNAL AND EMBRYONIC BLOODSTREAMS EXCHANGE MATERIALS BY MEANS OF A PLACENTA.

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ANTHROPOID PRIMATE

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HUMANLIKE PRIMATE; MONKEY, APE, OR HUMAN.

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APE

Back 24

COMMON NAME FOR A TAILLESS NONHUMAN PRIMATE; A GIBBON, ORANGUTAN, FORILLA, CHIMPANZEE, OR BONOBO.

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PRIMATE

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MAMMAL HAVING GRASPING HANDS WITH NAILS AND A BODY ADAPTED TO CLIMBING; A LEMUR, MONKEY, APE, OR HUMAN

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BIPEDALISM

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HABITUAL UPRIGHT WALKING.

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HOMININ

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HUMAN OR AN EXTINCT PRIMATE SPECIES MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO HUMANS THAN TO ANY OTHER PRIMATES.

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AUSTRALOPITH

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EXTINCT AFRICAN HOMININS IN THE GENUS AUSTRALOPITHECUS; SOME ARE CONSIDERED LIKELY HUMAN ANCESTORS.

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HOMO ERECTUS

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EXTINCT HOMININ THAT AROSE ABOUT 1.8 MYA IN EAST AFRICA; MIGRATED OUR OF AFRICA.

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HOMO HABILIS

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EXTINCT HOMININ; EARLIEST NAMED HOMO SPECIES; KNOWN ONLY FROM AFRICA, WHERE IT AROSE 2.3 MYA.

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HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS

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EXTINCT HOMININ; CLOSEST KNOWN RELATIVE OF H. SAPIENS; LIVED IN AFRICA, EUROPE, AND ASIA.

Front 32

ALL CHORDATES HAVE (A)____________AS EMBRYOS.

Back 32

NOTOCHORD

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THE___________ARE INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES.

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LANCELETS

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VERTEBRATE JAWS EVOLVED FROM__________.

Back 34

GILL SUPPORTS

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SHARKS AND RAYS ARE _____________.

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CARTILAGINOUS FISHES

Front 36

A DIVERGENCE FROM_________GAVE RISE TO TETRAPODS.

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LOBE-FINNED FISHES

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REPTILES, INCLUDING BIRDS, BELONG TO ONE MAJOR LINEAGE OF AMNIOTES, AND __________BELONG TO ANOTHER.

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MAMMALS

Front 38

REPTILES ARE ADAPTED TO LIFE ON LAND BY___________.

Back 38

TOUGH SKIN

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

GOOD KIDNEYS

AMNIOTE EGGS

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THE CLOSEST MODERN RELATIVES OF BIRDS ARE_______________.

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CROCODILIANS

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THE DEFINING TRAIT OF HOMININS IS____________.

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BIPEDALISM

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AMONG LIVING ANIMALS, ONLY BIRDS HAVE_____________.

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FEATHERS

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HOMO ERECTUS__________________.

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EVOLVED IN AFRICA AND DISPERSED TO MANY REGIONS.

Front 43

POUCHED ANIMALS

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MARSUPIALS

Front 44

INVERTEBRATE SHORDATES

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TUNICATES

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FEATHERED AMNIOTES

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BIRDS

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EGG-LAYING MAMMALS

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MONOTREMES

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EXTINCT HOMININS

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AUSTRALOPITHS

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HAVE GRASPING HANDS WITH NAILS

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PRIMATES

Front 49

FIRST LAND TETRAPODS

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AMPHIBIANS

Front 50

MOST DIVERSE MAMMAL LINEAGE

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PLACENTAL MAMMALS

Front 51

OLDEST VERTEBRATE LINEAGE

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FISHES

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATES:

A SUPPORTING ROD(NOTOCHORD)

DORSAL NERVE CORD

A PHARYNX W/GILL SLITS

TAILS THAT EXTENDS PAST THE ANUS

Back 52

THE FISHES WERE THE FIRST VERTEBRATES. MOST MODERN FISHES HAVE JAWS. THEY INCLUDE CARTILAGINOUS FISHES SUCH AS SHARKS, AND 2 LINEAGES OF BONY FISHES.

Front 53

FROM WATER TO LAND:

TETRAPODS, ANIMALS THAT WALK ON FOUR LEGS, EVOLVED FROM A LINEAGE OF BONY FISHES. AMPHIBIANS, THE FIRST TETRAPODS, LIVE ON LAND, BUT THEIR EGGS MUST DEVELOP IN WATER.

Back 53

THE AMNIOTES:

AMNIOTES ARE ADAPTED TO LIFE ON LAND. REPTILES (INCLUDING BIRDS) AND MAMMALS ARE THE 2 MODERN AMNIOTE LINEAGES. DINOSAURS ARE AN EXTINCT LINEAGE OF REPTILES.

Front 54

EARLY PRIMATES TO HUMANS

PRIMATES HAVE GRASPING HANDS WITH NAILS RATHER THAN CLAWS. OUR CLOSEST EXTINCT RELATIVES ARE PRIMATES THAT WALKED UPRIGHT. FOSSILS AND GENETICS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR HISTORY.

Back 54

ALL CHORDATE EMBRYOS HAVE A NOTOCHORD, A DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE CORD, A PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS IN ITS WALL, AND A TAIL THAT EXTENDS PAST THE ANUS.

Front 55

MOST CHORDATES ARE VERTEBRATES, WHICH HAVE AN INTERNAL SKELETON THAT INCLUDES A BACKBONE. THE FIRST VERTEBRATES WERE JAWLESS FISHES.

Back 55

A GROUP OF JAWED FISHES WITH A BONY SKELETON GAVE RISE TO FOUR-LEGGED ANIMALS (TETRAPODS) THAT COLONIZED THE LAND.

Front 56

AMNIOTES, A TETRAPOD SUBGROUP, HAVE SPECIALIZED EGGS THAT ALLOW THEM TO DEVELOP AWAY FROM WATER.

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FISHES ARE THE MOST DIVERSE VERTEBRATES. LIKE OTHER VERTEBRATES, THEY HAVE A CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM WITH ONE HEART, AND URINARY SYSTEM WITH PAIRED KIDNEYS.

Front 57

LAMPREYS AND HAGFISHES ARE JAWLESS FISHES. MOST FISHES HAVE JAWS THAT EVOLVED FROM GILL SUPPORTS.

Back 57

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES SUCH AS SHARKS HAVE A SKELETON OF CARTILAGE. BONY FISHES INCLUDE THE HIGHLY DIVERSE RAY-FINNED FISHES AND THE LOBE-FINNED FISHES, WHICH ARE THE CLOSEST RELATIVES OF TETRAPODS.

Front 58

THE TETRAPOD LINEAGE BRANCHED OFF FROM THE LOBE-FINNED FISHES. AMPHIBIANS ARE THE OLDEST TETRAPOD LINEAGE.

Back 58

LUNGS AND A THREE-CHAMBERED HEART ADAPT AMPHIBIANS TO LIFE ON LAND, BUT THEY TYPICALLY LAY THEIR EGGS IN WATER.

Front 59

FROGS AND TOADS UNDERGO METAMORPHOSIS FROM A GILLED, TAILED, LIMBLESS LARVA TO AN ADULT WITH FOUR LIMBS AND NO TAIL.

Back 59

AMNIOTES ARE ANIMALS THAT PRODUCE EGGS IN WHICH THE YOUNG CAN DEVELOP AWAY FROM WATER. THEY HAVE WATERPROOF SKIN AND HIGHLY EFFICIENT KIDNEYS. FERTILIZATION IS TYPICALLY INTERNAL.

Front 60

AN EARLY DIVERGENCE SEPARATED THE ANCESTORS OF MAMMALS FROM THE ANCESTORS OF REPTILES-A GROUP IN WHICH BIOLOGISTS INCLUDE TURTLES, LIZARDS, SNAKES, CROCODILIANS, AND BIRDS

Back 60

BIRDS EVOLVED FROM A GROUP OF FEATHERED DINOSAURS.

Front 61

ALL MODERN NONBIRD REPTILES ARE ECTOTHERMS THAT HAVE A SCALE-COVERED BODY.

Back 61

LIZARDS AND SNAKES HAVE AN ELONGATED BODY WITH OVERLAPPING SCALES. MOST LIZARDS AND ALL SNAKES ARE PREDATORS.

Front 62

TURTLES HAVE A BONY SHELL AND A HORNY BEAK.

Back 62

CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS ARE THE CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES OF BIRDS. LIKE BIRDS, THEY HAVE A FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART AND CARE FOR THEIR EGGS AND HATCHLINGS.

Front 63

BIRDS ARE ENDOTHERMIC AMNIOTES WITH FEATHERS. LIGHTWEIGHT BONES AND HIGHLY EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS ADAPT A BIRD TO FLIGHT.

Back 63

MAMMALS ARE ENDOTHERMIC AMNIOTES THAT HAVE HAIR OR FUR. YOUNG ARE NOURISHED BY MILK SECRETED FROM THE FEMALE'S MAMMARY GLANDS.

Front 64

EGG-LAYING MONOTREMES, POUCHED MARSUPIALS, AND PLACENTRAL MAMMALS ARE SUBGROUPS. PLACENTAL MAMMALS ARE NOW THE DOMINANT LINEAGE IN MOST REGIONS.

Back 64

WHICH MODERN PRIMATES ARE HUMAN ANCESTORS?

NONE OF THEM. ALL SPECIES ANCESTRAL TO HUMANS ARE EXTINCT. WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR WITH CHIMPANZEES AND BONOBOS.

Front 65

PRIMATES INCLUDE: LEMURS, TARSIERS, MONKEYS, APES, AND HUMANS.

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PRIMATE TRAITS SUCH AS A FLEXIBLE SHOULDER JOINT AND GRASPING HAND WITH NAILS ARE ADAPTATIONS TO CLIMBING. COMPARED TO OTHER MAMMALS, PRIMATES HAVE A LARGER BRAIN WITH A GREATER AREA DEVOTED TO VISION AND LESS SMELL.

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HUMANS ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO APES, AND THE CHIMPANZEES AND BONOBOS ARE OUR CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES.

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COMPARED TO APES, HUMANS HAVE A LARGER BRAIN, MORE FLEXIBLE HANDS, AND LESS INSULATING BODY HAIR.

Front 67

UNLIKE APES, HUMANS ARE BIPEDAL, AND HAVE A SKELETON THAT ADAPTS THEM TO THIS UPRIGHT POSTURE.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN APES AND HUMANS AROSE OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS AS EVOLUTIONARY FORCES ALTERED OUR HOMININ ANCESTORS.

Front 68

SOME AFRICAN FOSSIL SPECIES FROM AS FAR BACK A 7 MYA HAVE FEATURES THAT SUGGEST THEY WERE BIPEDAL.

Back 68

ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS, AN EAST AFRICAN HOMININ KNOWN FROM MANY FOSSILS, WALKED UPRIGHT ON THE GROUND, BUT RETAINED MANY TRAITS RELATED TO CLIMBING.

Front 69

AUSTRALOPITHS, A GROUP OF AFRICAN HOMININS, SHOW A TREND TOWARD IMPROVED UPRIGHT WALKING, SMALLER TEETH, AND GREATER HAND DEXTERITY. LIKE OTHER EARLY HOMININS, THEY RETAINED A CHIMPANZEE-SIZED BRAIN.

Back 69

THE EARLIEST HOMO SPECIES, HOMO HABILIS, LIVED IN AFRICA AND RESEMBLED AUSTRALOPITHS, BUT HAD A SOMEWHAT LARGER BRAIN AND MAY HAVE MADE TOOLS.

Front 70

HOME ERECTUS WERE TALLER, HAD A STILL LARGER BRAIN, AND WERE PROPORTIONED LIKE MODERN HUMANS. SOME H. ERECTUS VENTURED OUT OF AFRICA ND BECAME ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE AND ASIA.

Back 70

HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS (NEANDERTHALS), OUR CLOSEST EXTINCT RELATIVES, WERE A WIDESPREAD GROUP OF STOCKY, LARGE-BRAINED HOMININS. SMALL-BRAINED, SHORT HOMININS DISCOVERED ON AN INDONESIAN ISLAND MAY BE MEMBERS OF ANOTHER HOME SPECIES.

Front 71

THE OLDEST FOSSILS OF OUR OWN SPECIES, HOMO SAPIENS, COME FROM EAST AFRICA.

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MODERN HUMANS ORIGINATED IN AFRICA, AND EXPANDED THEIR RANGE WORLDWIDE OVER TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

Front 72

AS HUMANS LEFT AFRICA, THEY INTERBRED WITH NEANDERTHALS, SO MODERN NON-AFRICAN HUMANS HAVE SOME NEANDERTHAL DNA.

Back 72

GENETIC DIFFERENCES AMONG MODERN ETHNIC GROUPS CAN BE USED TO RECONSTRUCT THE ROUTES OF EARLY HUMAN MIGRATIONS.