Biology 1110 Week 9

Front 1

Who needs a circulatory system?

Back 1

Most multicellular organism

Front 2

Why is a circulatory system needed by multicellular animals?

Back 2

- diffusion or active transport is unsually not adequate for cell respiration

Front 3

What determines for an effective circulatory system?

Back 3

- body size
- shape
- activity levels

Front 4

role of circulatory fluids

Back 4

Transport of:
- nutrients
- water
- wastes
- gases
- other:
- house/transport white blood cells (protects against disease)
- transport hormones

Front 5

Two types of circulatory systems

Back 5

- Open circulatory system
- closed circulatory system

Front 6

3 basic Components of a circulatory system

Back 6

- A circulatory fluid (blood/hemolymph)
- a set of tubes (blood vessels)
- a muscular pump ( the HEART)

Front 7

Insects, other anthropods, and most molluscs blood bathes the organ directly in an

Back 7

open circulatory system

Front 8

In an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. This fluid is called

Back 8

- Haemolymph

Front 9

Blood is always contained in

Back 9

Vessels

Front 10

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid in a

Back 10

Closed Circulatory System

Front 11

Closed systems are more _______ at transporting circulatory fluids to tissue and cells.

Back 11

Efficient

Front 12

Open circulatory system vs Closed Circulatory system (picture)

Back 12

Front 13

other name for a closed circulatory system for humans and other vertebrates

Back 13

Cardiovascular System

Front 14

The three main type of blood vessels are:

Back 14

- arteries
- veins
- capillaries

Front 15

Arteries

Back 15

- carry blood away from the heart
- heart > arteries > arterioles > capillaries >capillary beds

Front 16

Network of capillaries are called?

Back 16

Capillary beds

Front 17

Capillary beds are the sites of

Back 17

- chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

Front 18

Veins

Back 18

- return blood from the capillaries to the heart
- capillary bed > Venules > Veins > Heart

Front 19

Bony fishes, rays, sharks have a ____1___ circulation circulatory system with a____2____ heart.

Back 19

1- single
2- two- chambered

Front 20

In single circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two _______________ before returning

Back 20

- capillary beds

Front 21

Blood that is oxyginated by the gills

Back 21

- never returns to the heart to be pumped to the bodies
- goes directly to body tissues before returning to the heart

Front 22

Fish circulatory system (picture)

Back 22

Front 23

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have a

Back 23

- double circulation Circulatory system

Front 24

Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped

Back 24

- separately from the right and left sides of the heart

Front 25

Left side of the heart has

Back 25

Oxyginated blood

Front 26

Right side of the heart has

Back 26

- de-oxyginated blood

Front 27

In reptiles and mammals, oxygen poor blood flows through the

Back 27

- Pulmonary circuit
- to pick up oxygen through the lungs

Front 28

In amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a

Back 28

- Pulmocutaneous circuit
- to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin

Front 29

Systemic Circuit

Back 29

- where oxygen rich blood is delivered

Front 30

Double circulation maintains a

Back 30

- a higher blood pressure compared to single circulation

Front 31

Amphibian Circulatory
Frogs and other amphibians have a

Back 31

- three chambered heart
- with two atria and one ventricle

Front 32

Amphibian circulatory

Back 32

- the ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the ventricle's output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and systemic circuit
- Underwater, the flow to the lungs is nearly shut off

Front 33

Reptiles circulatory (except birds)

Turtles, snakes, and lizzard have a

Back 33

- three-chambered heart
- with Two Atria and One Ventricle

Front 34

Reptiles Circulatory

In alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians

Back 34

- a SEPTUM divides the ventricle
- They have a double circulation
- with a pulmonary circuit
- and a systemic circuit

Front 35

Mammals and Birds Circulatory

Mammals and Birds have a

Back 35

- Four-chambered heart
- with Two Atria and Two Ventricle

Front 36

Mammals and Birds Circulatory

The left side and the right side of the heart pumps...

Back 36

- the left side of the heart pumps and recieve ONLY oxygen-rich blood
- right side receives and pumps ONLY oxygen-poor blood

Front 37

Mammals and Birds are ________ and require more O2 than ectotherms

Back 37

- endotherms

Front 38

Fish, amphibian, reptile. mammal circulatory (picture)

Back 38

Front 39

Mammalian Circulation part 1

Back 39

- Blood begins flow with the RIGHT VENTRICLE pumping blood to the lungs
- In the lungs, the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2
- Oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at the LEFT ATRIUM and is pumped through the AORTA to the body tissues by the left Ventricle

Front 40

The Aorta provides blood to the heart through the

Back 40

- Coronary Arteries

Front 41

Mammalian Circulation part 2

Back 41

- Blood returns to the heart through the Superiour Vena Cava ( blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs) and Inferior Vena Cava ( blood from trunk and hind limbs)
- The superior and inferior vena cava flow into the RIght Atrium

Front 42

Blood circulation in mammals (human)

Back 42

Front 43

Vertebrate hearts contain

Back 43

- two or more chambers

Front 44

Blood enters through an __1___ and is pumped out through a ____2___

Back 44

1- atrium
2- ventricle

Front 45

Cardiac Cycle

Back 45

- a rythmic cycle, contraction and relaxation of the heart

Front 46

The contraction, or pumping phase is called

Back 46

Systole ( Sis-to-lee)

Front 47

The relaxation or filling phase is called

Back 47

- Diastole (Dai-as-to-lee)

Front 48

Four valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart

Back 48

- The Atrioventricular (AV) valves (separate each ventricle and atrium)
- The Semilunar Valves which controls blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Front 49

Heart Picture

Back 49

Front 50

Composition of blood

Back 50

- Plasma
- Cells
- Platelets

Front 51

Plasma

Back 51

- Aqueous portion of blood containing dissolved substances and cells and platelets

Front 52

Cells

Back 52

- Red blood cells, carry gases
- white blood cells, protect against disease

Front 53

Platelets

Back 53

- Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Front 54

Blood Plasma

Back 54

- Over 90% water
- 7% plasma proteins
-created in liver
- confined to blood stream
- 2% other substances: electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

Front 55

Plasma proteins

Back 55

- Albumin: maintain blood osmotic pressure
- Globulins (immunoglobulins)
-Antibodies bind to foreign substances called anitgens
- form antigen-antibody complexes
- Fibrinogen: for clotting

Front 56

On average, humans have about

Back 56

- 6 liters of blood
- circulated completely once every 20 seconds

Front 57

Blood functions to

Back 57

- transport nutrients, gases and regulatory molecules (hormones) and waste material
- Regulate pH and control osmosis
- Regulate body temperature
- Defend the body against infection and other foreign substances
- regulate the clotting process

Front 58

Lymph

Back 58

- fluid that has "leaked" from blood capillaries and has then moved into lymph vessels

Front 59

Lymph is similar in composition to blood except that it

Back 59

- lacks red blood cells and platelets

Front 60

Function of the lymph system

Back 60

- Returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system
- carries some wastes to the circulatory system
- carries some absorbed nutrients from the digestive tract to the circulatory system

Front 61

Respiratory in animals
Respiratory Media

Back 61

- animals can use air or water as a source of O2
- in a given volume, there is less O2 in water than in air
- Obtaining water from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing

Front 62

Any mechanism that maximizes gas exchange between an organism and its environment is called

Back 62

- Ventilation
- Ventilation: moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

Front 63

Gas exchange (respiratory exchange)

Back 63

- supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide

Front 64

Cellular Respiration

Back 64

- occurs at the cellular level and is responsible for the production of ATP

Front 65

Respiratory in Animals requirements

Back 65

- Large, moist respiratory surface required for respiratory exchange

Front 66

Respiration in Unicellular organisms

Back 66

- Simple Diffusion across cell membrane

Front 67

Respiration in Large organisms

Back 67

- Exchange Across Body Wall

Front 68

Respiratory Surfaces

Animals require a

Back 68

- large, moist respiratory surfaces for exchange of gases between their cells and the respiratory medium, either air or water

Front 69

Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces (skin) takes place by

Back 69

- Diffusion

Front 70

Respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include

Back 70

- the outer surface
- skin
- gills
- tracheae
- lungs

Front 71

Respiratory in Animals

- planarians

Back 71

- increased surface area to body volume ratio

Front 72

External gills

Back 72

- finely divided giving rise to large surface area
- rest of body surface may also participate in respiratory exchange
- found in some polycheate worms and amphibians
- (Nectoris, Mud puppies)

Front 73

Internal gills (protected)

Back 73

- present in most body fish
- countercurrent exhange (later slide)

Front 74

Insects

Back 74

- tracheal system of respiratory exchange, gases moved directly to cells

Front 75

Air-breathing vertebrates

Back 75

- lungs, internal system, gas transported to all tissues through cardiovascular system

Front 76

Counter current exchange

Back 76

- This mechanism affects ventilation in fish
- blood flows in ONE DIRECTION over the gills while water passes in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION
- Diffusion gradient favours O2 transfer throughout the length of the gills

Front 77

Ventilation in fish (pic)

Back 77

Front 78

Internal lungs

Back 78

- found in air breathing vertebrates
- Lungs are infolding of the body surface
- The circulatory system (open or closed) transport gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

Front 79

Lungs in humans (pic)

Back 79

Front 80

Respiration in Amphibians

Back 80

- Do not have a diaphram
- moist skin of frog is also used in respiratory exchange (specially under water when lungs are shut off)
- air is later forced out through the Buccal cavity

Front 81

Ventilation in Anarchnids (spiders etc...)

Back 81

- Spiders have a body structure consisting of a CEPHALOTHORAX and ABDOMEN
- Respiratory exchange organs are a TRACHEAand BOOK LUNGS
- trachea extends into interior tissues and supplies most body cells directly (no circulatory fluid required)
- Book lungs are in the anterior abdomen. Moist air passes across them and gases diffuse into body cavity and circulate in open circulation

Front 82

Spider pic

Back 82

Front 83

Ventilation in insects

Back 83

- Tracheal system
- Spiracles - openings of trachea
- Trachea are lined with chitin which is impermeable to gases
- Gases must pass through Terminal Tracheols to get to cells

Front 84

Insect respiratory pic

Back 84

Front 85

Ventilation in Amphibians

Back 85

- Frogs use Positive Pressure breathing to ventilate their lungs
- Air is drawn into buccal cavity through nose with mouth closed
- Buccal cavity is enlarged through lowering of its floor
- Nasal Valve then closes and buccal floor raised
- Positive pressure forces air into lungs

Front 86

Ventilation in Birds

Back 86

- in addition to lungs, birds have eight or nine air sacks
- Air sacks are located in abdomen, neck and wings
- Air sacks act as Bellows
- Air passes through the lungs in ONE DIRECTION ONLY, during inspiration and expiration
- Every exhalation completely renews the air in the lungs
- This enables efficient gas exchange for flight

Front 87

Bird respiration Pic

Back 87

Front 88

How a Mammal Breathes

Back 88

- Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs
- Lung volume increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm contracts

Front 89

Quiet Inspiration

Back 89

- Diaphragm moves 1 cm and ribs lifted by muscles
- Intrathoracic pressure falls and 2-3 liters inhaled

Front 90

Quiet Expiration

Back 90

- Passive process with no muscle action
- Elastic recoil and surface tension in alveoli pulls inward
- Alveolar pressure increases and air is pushed out

Front 91

Respiration in humas pic

Back 91

Front 92

Respiration in humans (simplified)

Back 92

- inhilation- diaphram contracts (moves down), rib cage expands as rib muscle contract , air inhaled
- Exhalation - Diaphram relaxes, Rib cave gets smaller as rib muscle relax, air exhaled

Front 93

Partial Pressure Gradient in Gas exchange

Back 93

- gases diffuse down pressure gradients in lungs and other organs as a result of differences in partial pressure
- Partial Pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases

Front 94

A gas diffuses from a region of

Back 94

- Higher partial pressure
- to a region of Lower partial pressure
- in the lungs and tissues, O2 and CO2 diffuse where their partial pressures are higher to where they are lower

Front 95

Coordination of circulation and gas exchange

Back 95

- Blood arriving to the lungs have a low partial pressure of O2 and high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in alveoli
- In the alveoli, O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air
- In tissue capillaries, partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluids and CO2 into the blood

Front 96

Partial pressure of gasses diffusion PIC

Back 96

Front 97

Oxygen transport
red blood cells

Back 97

- Red blood cells ( erythrocytes) are by far the most numerous blood cells
- they transport oxygen throughout the body
- they contain Haemoglobin, the iron containing protein that transport oxygen
- 98.5% of oxygen attached to the Haeme of haemoglobin
- Haemocyanin does a similar job in anthropods and some molluscs

Front 98

Carbon Dioxide transport

Back 98

- 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
- 23% attached to the GLOBIN of haemoglobin
- 7% dissolved in plasma

Front 99

Diving animals
(very efficient respiration and circulation)

Back 99

- can store large amounts of O2 to remain underwater longer
- have high amounts of Myglobin (found only in muscle cells) that stores O2
- use minimal muscle movement to move
- Hear rate decrease before a dive ( some may have 1 beat per minute)
- blood only goes to essential tissues