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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kingdom Animalia
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yeeehaaaa
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Nutritional mode of animals
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- animals are heterotrophs that ingest their food
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Animal cell structure
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- multicellular eukaryotes
- cells lack cell walls - Their bodies are held together by structural proteins such as collagen - nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals |
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What is collagen?
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- structural protein
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What is unique to animals?
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- nervous tissue
- muscle tissue - also called as true tissue |
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How do animals reproduce?
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- sexually
- diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle |
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Animal reproduction
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- after a sperm fertilises an egg, the zygote undersgoes rapid cell division called CLEAVAGE
- cleavage leads to formation of blastula - the blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues |
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animal fertilization
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Many animals have at least one...
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larval stage
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Larva
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sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult ( looks different)
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A larva eventually undergoes...
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metamorphosis
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All animals, and only animals have...
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Hox genes
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Hox genes
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Genes that regulate the development of body form
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The history of animals spans more than...
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half a billion years
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Choanoflagellates
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protists that are the closest living relatives of animals
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Animals can be characterized and sometimes zoologists categorize animals by....
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body plan
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A grade
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- a group whose members share key biological features
- a grade is not necessarily a clade or monophyletic group |
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Animals can be categorized according to the....
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symmetry of their bodies or lack of it
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Two types of symmetry
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- Radial symmetry
- bilateral symmetry |
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Bilateral symmetry
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Two sided symmetry
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Bilaterally symmetrical animals have
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- a dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) side
- right and left side - Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends - Cephalization, the development of a head |
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Cephalization
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the development of a head
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Radial and bilateral symmetry
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During development, three germ layers give rise to the tissues and organs of the animal embryo
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- ectoderm
- endoderm - mesoderm ( in triploblastic animals) |
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Ectoderm
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Germ layer covering the embryo's surface ( outer layer)
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Endoderm
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the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron
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Diploblastic animals
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have ectoderm and endoderm
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Triploblastic animals
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- aside from having endoderm and ectoderm, they also have an interventing mesoderm layer
- these includes all bilaterians, except platyhelminthes |
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Most triploblastic animals posses a
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body cavity
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A true body cavity is called a?
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Coelom, and is derived from mesoderm
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What are animals that possess a true coelom called?
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Coelomates
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Coelomates
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The tissue lining coelom and suspending the internal organs, derived from the mesoderm
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Pseudocoelom
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a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
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Triploblastic animals that posses a pseudocoelom are called?
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Pseudocoelomate
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Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called?
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Acoelomates
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Two types of development
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- Protostome development
- Deuterostome development |
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In protostome development, the cleavage is?
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spiral and determinate
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In deuterostome development, the cleavage is?
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Radial and indeterminate
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Inderterminate cleavage
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- each cell in early stages of cleavage retains teh capacity to develop into a complete embryo
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indeterminate cleavage makes possible....
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- identical twins
- embryonic stem cells |
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How does the coelom develop in a protostome development?
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By the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm
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How does the coelom develop in deuterostome development?
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the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom.
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in protostome development, the blastopore becomes the?
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Mouth
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In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the?
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Anus
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PICTURE TIME
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Animal phylogeny
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All animals share a?
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common ancestor
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What is the clade of animals with true tissue? (nerve and muscle tissue)
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Eumetazoa
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Most animals belong to the clade?
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Bilateria
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Chordates and some other phya belong to the clade?
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Deuterostomia
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Sponges belong to the phylas..
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- Calcarea
- Silicea |
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Sponges are?
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- sedementary animals\
- live in fresh and marine waters - they lack true organs ( muscle and nerve tissue) |
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Sponge body parts
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- osculum ( opening/ where water exit)
- choanocyte ( generates water current) - spongocoel ( opening/ cavity where water passes through) - mesohyl ( noncellular layer between two cell layers) - amoebocytes ( found in mesohyl; plays role in digestion and sttructure) |
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How do sponges feed?
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- they are suspension feeders and captures food particles that are suspended in the water that passes through their body
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Choanocytes
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flagellated collar cells that generate water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
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Water is drawn into a cavity called__1__ and passes through the ___2___.
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1. spongocoel
2. osculum |
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Amoebocytes
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- found in the mesohyl
- plays a role in digestion and structure |
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Sponge reproduction
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- sponges are hermaphrodites ( functions as both male and female
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Sponge diagram
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Ancient phylum of eumetazoans
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Cnidarians are....
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- both sessile(polyp) (non-motile) and motile (medusa)
- diploblastic, radial body plan - Body plan is a sac with a central digestive compartment called the GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY - single opening functions as mouth and anus |
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Cnidarians have two variations on the body plan
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- sessile polyp
- motile medusa |
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How do Cnidarians feed?
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- they are carnivores
- use tentacles to capture prey |
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The cnidarians' tentacles are armed with....
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- cnidocytes, which functions in defense and capture prey
- withing the cnidocytes, there are NEMATOCYSTS, specialized organelles that efect stinging thread |
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Phyum Platyhelminthes habitat
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- marine
- freshwater - damp terrestrial habitats |
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Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development. they are?
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- acoelomates
- they have a gastrovascular cavity |
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Examples of platyhelminthes
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-flat worm
- tape worms |
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Planarians have a.;..
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light sensitive eyespot and centralized nerve nets
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Planarian's nervous system vs cnidarians
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- more complex and centralized
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Platyhelminthes reproduction
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- they are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually or asexually through fission
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Phylum Rotifera
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- tiny animals that inhabit freshwater, ocean, and damp soil
- smaller than many protist |
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Alimentary canal
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- present in Rotifers
- digestive tube with separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom |
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Rotifers reproduction
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- reproduce by the process called parthenogenesis
- females produce offsprings from unfertilized eggs - some species are unusual that they lack males entirely |
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Phylum Mollusca
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- includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, octopi and squids
- lives in marine. freshwater, and some are terrestrial - soft bodied animals, but most are protected by ahard shell |
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All molluscs have a similar body plan with
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- muscular foot
- Visceral mass - Mantle |
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How do molluscs feed?
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they feed using a rasplike radula
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Mollusc body plan
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Molluscs reproduction
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- have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass
- life cycle includes a ciliated larval stage called TROCHOPORE |
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Pylum Annelida
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- have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
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Phylum annelida is divided into three classes
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- Oligochaeta (earthworms and friends)
- Polychaeta (polychaetes) - Hirundinea (leeches) |
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Class Oligochaeta
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- includes earthworms and friends ( variety of aquatic species)
- Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal - earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross fertilize |
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Polychaetes
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- have paddle-like parapodia that works as gills and aid in locomotion
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Hirundinea (Leeches)
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- blood sucking parasites
- chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating |
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Phylum Nematoda
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- round worms
-parasites - found in most aquatic habitats, in soil, moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals - have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system - reproduction is usually sexual, by internal fertilization |
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Phylum Anthropoda
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- two out of three known species of animals are anthropods
- found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere |
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Subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda
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- Cheliceriformes ( horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions,ticks and mites)
- Myriapoda ( millipedes and centipedes) - Hexapoda ( insects, springtails) - Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, crayfishes, shrimps) |
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The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the
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cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and chitin
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When arthropods grow,
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it molts (shreds it to get out of it) its exoskeleton
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Arthropods have an?
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Open circulatory system, in which fluid called HEMOLYMPH is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
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A trilobite fossil
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often a large deposit of oil or natural gas, etc. are found where trilobite fossils are found.
they are extinct |
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Insects
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- has more species than all other forms of life combnined
- live in almost every terrestrial habitat and fresh water - has several complex organ systems - have diversified several times following the evolution of flight and the expansion of angiosperm |
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What is one key to the great success of insects?
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- Flight
- escape from predator, find food, can find new habitat much faster than others that can't fly |
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Crustaceans ( crustacea)
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- have remained in marine and fresh water for the most part
- have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion - have separate males and females |
