Biology 1110 Week 3

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Fungi

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- Diverse and widespread
- essential for the well being of most terrestria ecosystens because the break down organic materials and recycle vital nutrients

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Who are fungi closer related to, plants or animals? Why?

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- animals
- fungi are heterotrophs ( no chloroplast, therefore, they are non-photosynthetic)

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How do fungi absorb nutrients?

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They absorb nutrients from outside their body with enzymes.

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Fungi's ecological roles.

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- Decomposers
- Parasites
- Mutualists

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Body structure of fungi

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-multi cellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)
- grow as either filaments (multicellular) or yeasts(unicellular).
- some grow as both

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Morpholy

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A branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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What is the advantage of multicellular fungi?

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Being multicellular enhances their ability to absorb nutrients. (think about surface area)

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Morpholy (body structure) of Fungi.

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- consists of "mycelia", networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption.
- Most fungi have cell walls made of chitin.

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Hyphae

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A long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus

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Fungi structure diagram

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Septate Hypha and Coencytic hypha

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Some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by septa, with pores allowing cell to cell movement of organelles

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Coencytic fungi are fungi that lack septa

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Some unique fungi have specialized hyphae called _____ that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host.

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Haustoria

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- Some fungi are predators.
- have specialized hyphae called haustoria

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What is Mycorrhizae?

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mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

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How is Mycorrhizae beneficial to plants?

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The mycorrhizae facilitate the fixation which supplies the plants with a usable nitrogen source.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi

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- form sheats of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
- ( does not penetrate their host’s cell walls)

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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- extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
- ( penetrates their host's cell walls)

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spore

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a spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions.

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How do fungi produce spores?

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Through sexual or asexual life cycles

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EVOLUTION OF FUNGI DIAGRAM

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hypothesis on the evolutionary origin of fungi

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- Fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than they are to plants or other eukaryotes
- from the opisthokonts clade
- DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids, which suggests that fungi and animals evolved from a common flagellated unicellular ancestor.
- oldest fungal fossil are only about 460 million years old
- A flagellated, aquatic, heterotrophic protist appears to be the common ancestor of both animals and fungi

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Ecological roles of Fungi

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- Decomposers
- Parasites
- mutualists

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Fungi as decomposers

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- efficient decomposers
- perform essential recycling of chemical elements between the living and non living world.

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Fungi as Mutualists

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- Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants (mychorrhizae), animals, algae, and cyanobacteria
- All of these relationships have profound ecological effects

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Fungus-plant mutualism

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- mycorrhizae are enormously important in natural ecosystem and agriculture
- Plants harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes that live inside leaves or other plant parts.

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How are endophytes beneficial to plants?

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Endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

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Fungus-Animal Symbioses

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- some fungi share their digestive services with animals

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How do fungi help animals?

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By breaking down plant material ( cellulose) in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals.

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Lichens

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A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae.

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Lichens

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Fungal component of a lichen.

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- ascomycete
- Algae or cyanobacteria occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface\
- fungi of lichens can reproduce sexually or asexually

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How do fungi of lichens produce asexually?

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by fragmentation or formation of soredia, small cluster of hyphae with embedded algae

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Lichens

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- algae provide carbon compounds (although photosynthetic, can also produce CO2 through cellular respiration)
- cyanobacteria provide organic nitrogen (nitrogen fixation)
- fungi provide the environment for growth (mycorrhizae)

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Lichen's ecological role

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- important pioneers on new rock and soil surfaces
- sensitive to pollution, and their death can be a warning that air quality is deteriorating

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Fungi as Pathogens

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- about 30% of know fungal species are parasites or pathogens, mostly on or in plants
- fungi that attack food crops are toxic to humans
- the general term for fungal infection in animals is mycosis

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Parasitic fungi on plants

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e.g. of a decomposer fungi

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- black bread mold ( breaks down organic material in bread)
-mushrooms, morels, and truffles ( break down organic material in soil)

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e.g. of pathogenic fungi

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- plant disease : root rot, powdery mildew, Dutch elm disease ( specific for particular plants and break down plant tissues)
- animal diseases: athlete's foot, vaginal infections ( skin infections)
- psittacosis ( lung disease)
- mold ( grows on grains, produces carcinogenic compounds ( causes cancer))

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Growth promoters

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Mycorrhizae: inhance uptake of minerals from the soil in 95% of vascular plants

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Distinguishing characteristics of fungi

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- they are eukaryotic and multicellular
- non motile ( not moving)
- have cell walls made of chitin

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what have we learned about fungi?

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- diverse and widespread
- plays important ecological roles in terrestrial environments (mycorrhizae)
- have various ecological roles ( mutualistic, parasitic, decomposers)
- closer related to animals ( heterotrophs)

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Kingdom plantae

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:D