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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Annelida
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A group of organisms with a segmented body that resembles rings. Ex: Worms, leeches. Has bilateral symmetry and is closely related to anthropods
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Millipedes
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From the phylum anthropods. Although it looks like an annelid, it is an anthropod because of its jointed legs. (2 legs per body segment) Eat decaying plant matter
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Centipedes
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Anthropod that has one pair of legs per pody segment. Has a pair of poisonous claws that attacks and paraplyzes prey.
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Insecta
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Part of anthropods. Largest number of animal species (26 orders). Has 3 body parts (head, abdomen, and thorax) three sets of legs, and one or two pairs of wings
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Nematoda
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Also known as roundworm. Phylum that has bilateral symmetry and three-tissue layers, and a pseudoccoelom (not completely lined mesoderm). Also have complete digestive tract.
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Arthropoda
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Has exoskeleton with jointed appendages. Most have 3 main body parts (head, thorax, abdomen) and an open circulatory system. Ex: insects, lobster, spiders, crabs, ticks, barnacles
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Protista
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Mostly uni-cellular eukaryotic cells. Two main types: photosynthetic algae and heterotrophic protozoans. SImplest form of eukaryotes, probably evolved from prokaryotes
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Protozoa**
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Heterotrophic protists
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Algae
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Photosynthetic protists. Three main types: Brown, Green, and Red
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Bivalves
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Have shells with two halves that are hinged together. Mucous-coated gills trap food particles in water and cilia sweep into mouth. Mainly sedentary although can dig and anchor. Ex: clams, oysters, mussels
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Cephalopoda
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Phylum: Mollusks. Use beak-like jaw and a radula to crush or rip prey apart. Have large brains and sophisticated sense organs. The shell is either internal or non-existent. Ex: squid, octopus
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Plantae
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Evolved from green algae. Are multi-cellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules through photosynthesis.
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Bryophytes
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Non-vascular plants (lack liginfied tissue) but have apical meristerms and embryos that that are retained on the parent plant. Ex: liverworts, hornworts, mosses
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Vascular Plants
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Plants with lignin-hardened vascular tissue that allows stems to stand-upright and on land.
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Seedless Plants
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Have flagellated sperm that require a layer of water to reach the eggs with spores enclosed in tough, protective walls. (Ferns, bryophytes, lycohphytes)
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Seed plants
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Plants that produce a seed, an embryo packaged with a food supply and protective outer covering. Pollen, transfers sperm to eggs.
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Gymnoperms
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Some of the earliest seed producing plants because the seeds are naked and not produced in specialized chambers. Ex: conifers
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Lepidoptera
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Insects with two pairs of wings and body covered by scales. Have long mouthparts for sucking nectar. Ex: moths, butterflies
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Diptera
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Insects with single pair of club-shaped wings that maintain balance during flight. Most have lapping mouthparts for sucking nectar or other liquids, some have sharp mouthparts for sucking blood. Ex: flies, gnats, mosquitoes
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Deutrosomes
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The opening formed during gastrulation forms the anus. Deutrosomes includes chordates and echinoderms.
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants that develop seeds in complex reproductive structures. The great majority of living plants are angiosperms.
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Fungi
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Eukaryotic heterotrophs that absorb their food rather then ingesting it through powerful enzymes. Have a cell wall like plants but it is made of chitin. Ex: yeasts, molds, mushrooms
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Animalia
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Eukaryotic, multi-cellular heterotorphs that ingest their food and are usually capable of movement. They lack rigid cell walls and don't have alternation of generations.
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Porifera
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Sponges are stationary animals that lack true tissues and body symmetry. Simplest of all animal. Suspension (filter feeders)
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Symmetry of right and left sides. Usually has a head with sensory organs at the front of its body.
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Protosomes
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Opening formed in gastrulation becomes the mouth. Most animals are this type including phylum molluscs, annelids, arthropods, nematodes and flatworms
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Platyhelminthes
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Flatworms. Have bilateral symmetry and three tissue layers, yet no body cavity.
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Life**
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All living creatures
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Prokaryotes
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25 kingdoms. Organisms that lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Thought to be first organisms to evolve. Collective biomass 10 times that of eukaryotes
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Bacteria
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A type of prokaryote that has molecular and cellular differences that distinguish it from archaea. Are very diverse and even include some photosynethic, decomposers, and even sulfur bacteria.
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Archaea
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Thought to share a common ancestor with eukaryotes, thrive in extreme environments.
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Eukarya
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Cellularly more complex the prokaryotes. Has four main kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
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Flatworms
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From the phylum platyhelminthes, Simplest bilateral animals often ribbon-like and live in freshwater of damp terrain or as a parasite.
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Flukes
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Phylum: Platyhelminthes. Parastistic worm that has complex life cycle.
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Tapeworms
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Phylum: Platyhelminthes. Parastistic worm that has complex life cycle.
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Mollusca
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Many variations but have common body plan with muscular foot and a mantle which may secrete a shell that encloses the visceral mass. Most feed with a rasping radula (tongues). 3 types: gastropods, bivlaves, and cephalopods
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Gastropoda
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Phylum: Mollusca. Are the largest group of mollusks and have one shell, a foot, and a tongue. Ex: snails and slugs
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Crustacea
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Phylum: Arthropods. Nearly all aquatic. Ex: lobsters, crayfish, barnacles
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Arachnida
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Phylum: Arthropod. Most are terrestrial and carnivorous. Ex: scorpions, spiders, mites
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Myriapoda
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Phylum: Arthropod. Have segmented bodies and superficially look like annelids. However their jointed legs identify them as arthropods. ex: centipedes, millipedes
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Coleopetra
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Phylum: Arthropod Class: Insecta Are beetles that have complete metamorphosis
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Hymenoptera
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Phylum: Arthropod Class: Insecta. Has 4 translucent wings. Females have posterior stinging mechanism. Ex: bees, wasps
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Orthopetra
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Phylum: Arthropod Class: Insecta have incomplete metamorphosis. They have large hing legs for jumping and two parits of wings. ex: grasshopper
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Biosphere
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Collection of every living thing on earth
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Ecosystem
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All living things in a place plus their interaction with the non-living enviroment
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Community
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All living things in an ecosystem
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Population
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Group of individuals in a species
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Species
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A group of members that possess similar anatomical properties, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated
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Organism
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An individual living thing
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Organelle
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A structure with a specialized function within a cell. Ex: Mitochondria
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Tissue
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A cooperative of many cells that perform a specialized function within a multi-cellular organism
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Lignin
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A chemical that hardens the cell walls in plants
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Phylogeny
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Map of organisms that are based on evidence of shared evolutionary descent
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Cladogram
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A diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among organisms
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Homology
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Reflects similarity based on common ancestry. Ex: opposable thumbs in humans and monkeys
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Endosymbiosis
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A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved through symbiotic associations between small prokaryotes living within larger ones
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Hyphae
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A filament making up the body of a fungi that helps it absorb food.
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Mycelium
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Densely branched network of hyphae within a fungus
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Cell wall
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Only in plants and fungi. Plant walls contain lignin and fungi walls contain chitin
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Organic Molecule
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A chemical molecule containing carbon and usually synthesized by cells
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Pelican
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Incredibly adept fishers. In the mid twentieth century they were threatened by the pesticides that accumulated in fish. In 1970s became an endagnered species, so pesetidices liike DDT were banned. Today is thriving in many communities
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Mycorrhizae
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A fungus that has a mutually beneficial relationship with roots of many plants. Ex; citrus trees
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Mold
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A zygomycete where haploid spores form from meiosis. Rot produce like peaches, some can be parasites on animals
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Wheat rust
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Type of fungi that attacks food crops and is toxic to humans if consumed.
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Mushroom
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Type of club fungi that is edible. Excels at decomposing and has distinct basidium
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Liverwort
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Bryophyte that lack lignified vascular tissue. Mostly gametophyte. Like other plants in that it has an apical meristerm and embryos that are retained on the parent plant.
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Moss
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Bryophyte that lack lignified vascular tissue. Mostly gametophyte. Like other plants in that it has an apical meristerm and embryos that are retained on the parent plant.
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Spore
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A cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell.
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Pollination
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The passive transport of pollen (sperm) to egg producing plant parts
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Zygote
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The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus
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Haploid
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Cell containing a single set of chromosomes (n)
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Diploid
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Cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)
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Alternation of Generation
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The diploid and haploid stages are distinct, multi-cellular generations. Algae and bryophytes experience this.
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Sporophyte
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The diploid generation that produces spores. Ferns and most plants have a dominant sporophyte
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Gametophyte
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The haploid generation that produces gametes. Algae and bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte
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Gametangium
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Structure that consists of protective jackets of cells surrounding gamete-producing cells. Is either male or female.
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Flower
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Complex reproductive structures that develop seeds in protective chambers and are produced by angiosperms.
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Seed
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Found in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Consists of an embryo packaged with a food supply and a protective covering.
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Fruit
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The ripened ovary of a flower is an adaptation to help disperse seeds.
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Carpal
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Consists of style with ovary at the base and stigma at the top (female reproductive parts)
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Sepal
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Modified leaves that enclose a flower before it opens
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Waxy Cuticle
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Covers leaves and stems, preventing water loss.
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Vascular system
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Connects parts of plant together and distributes water, mineral and sugars throughout the plant. Consists of xylem and phloem.
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Root
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Anchors plants and absorbs water and minerals from the soil
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Rhizoid
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Small branching hyphae that grow downwards and anchor a fungus (act as a root system)
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Pseudopodia
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Temporary extensions of the cell that allow amoebas to move and feed
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Cillia
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A short appendage that propels some protists through the water and moves fluids across the surface of of many tissues in animal cells.
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Flagellum
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Long, threadlike appendage that functions as an organ locomotion. Larger than a cilia
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Ecology
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Study of how organisms interact with their environment
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Charles Darwin
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Created the theory of evolution by natural selection. Gives us the basis for organizing diversity according to genealogy
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Emergent Property
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New property that emerges with each step upward on the hierarchy of life
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Theory
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Widely accepted idea that is supported by a large body of science
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Discovery Science
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Verifiable observations and measurements. Leads to important conclusions with the use of inductive reasoning. Derives general principals from a large amount of data. Ex; human genome project
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Hypothesis-Based Science
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From general questions, specific results are conducted to find an answer to questions. Make a prediction and test it. Uses deductive reasoning
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Taxonomy
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Branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species
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Systematics
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An analytical approach to the study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between them. Three types: traditional, phenetics, and phylogenetic
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Convergent Evolution
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Adaptive change resulting in analogous characteristic. Species from different lineages come to resemble others because of similar enviroment
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Genus
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In classification, the category above species Es: homo
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Binomial
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System for naming organism where both genus and species are named. Genus is capitalized and the name is italicized. Homo sapiens
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Clade
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Evolutionary branches that consist of an ancestor and al its descendants
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Monophyly
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All species share a common ancestor and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
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Paraphyly
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All species share a common ancestor, BUT not all species derived from that ancestor are included
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Molecular Clock
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Evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates
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Stromatolite
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Rock-like structures that are composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment. Oldest known fossils
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Aerobic
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Sufficient oxygen remains for respiration
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Anaerobic
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Organism is no receiving oxygen so respirates through fermentation.
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Stanley Miller
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Conducted experiment where simulated conditions of early earth and discovered that organic compounds could make 20 essential amino acids that make up life
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Pathogen
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Disease causing organism
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Bacillus
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Rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
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Cocci
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A spherical shaped prokaryotic
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Spirochete
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A large, spiral shaped prokaryote
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Lyme disease
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Bacterial infection caused by the bite of a tick. Characterized by round rashBi
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Bioremediation
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The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted ecosystems
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Euglena
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Most ancient forms of living eukaryotes. Common inhabitant of pond water. Has two flagella. Some are photosynthetic
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Ciliate
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Type of protozoan that moves by means of a cilia
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Amoeba
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Type of protist chacterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia (temporary structure of amoeba that allows it to move and engulf food)
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Red Algae
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Contributes to coral reefs. Green chlorophyll is covered by red pigment. Cells are soft, but covered by hard chalky material.
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Green Algae
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Named for green chlorophyll color. They have alternation of generation.
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Multicellular
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Evolved in different lineages probably by specialization of colonial protists. In some algae, fungi, animals, plants
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Apical Meristem
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Growth producing regions of cell division found at tips of stems and roots
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Xylem
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Made of dead cells that carry minerals and water from roots.
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Phloem
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Living cells that distribute sugar throughout the plant
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Stomata
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Pores surrounded by guard cells in epidermis of leaf. Allow CO2 in and let out water and oxygen. A plant conserves water when stomata are closed
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Sporangia
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A capsule in fungi and plants where meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop
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Pollen
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Structure that contains male gametophyte in seed plants
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Fossil Fuel
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An energy deposit made from the remains of extinct organisms. Ex: coal formed from decomposed ferns
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Stigma
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Sticky tip of flower's carpel that traps pollen grains.
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Ovary
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Basal portion of carpel where egg-containing ovules develop
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Stamen
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Male reproductive unit of flower. Consists of the anther and filament
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Anther
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Sack in stamen where pollen grains develop
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Petal
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Modified leaves that work to attract insects and other pollinators
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Mycosis
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Fungal Infection
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Blastula
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Early embryonic state consisting of a hollow ball of cells
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Gastrula
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One side of blastula folds inwards. The internal sac becomes the digestive tract lined by a layer of cells called the endoderm
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Larva
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A free-living sexually immature form in some animal life cycles
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Metamorphosis
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Incomplete: babies look like adults Complete: In larval stage are specialized for eating and growing and look different from adults which are specialized for dispersal and reproduction
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Chystrids
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Type of fungi that are mostly decomposers found in ponds and lakes.
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Zygomocytes
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Type of fungi that has fast-growing molds that ruin bread and fruits
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Glomeromycytes
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Type of fungi that has a symbiotic partnership with plants. Ex: mycorrhizae
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Ascomycetes
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Type of fungi that causes many plant diseases
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Basidomycetes
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Type of fungi that includes mushrooms and destructive plant parasites like wheat rust
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