Biology 1108 Unit 1

Front 1

systematics

Back 1

classification

Front 2

Linnean grouping

Back 2

grouping by shared characters

Front 3

Cladistic/Phylogenic grouping

Back 3

grouping by shared derived characters

Front 4

Occam's Razor

Back 4

with equally likely alternatives, the simplest one is likely correct

Front 5

Parsimony

Back 5

deals with the least amount of change on a branch (easier to lose a characteristic than gain one)

Front 6

monophyletic

Back 6

1 common ancestor and all of the descendants (Linnean and Cladistic)

Front 7

paraphyletic

Back 7

1 common ancestor leaving out at least one descendant (Linnean only)

Front 8

polyphyletic

Back 8

no common ancestors

Front 9

homology

Back 9

similar because of genetic background

Front 10

analogy

Back 10

similar because of convergence (no similar genetic backgrounds)

Front 11

fossils

Back 11

evidence of past life forms

Front 12

"hard part" fossils

Back 12

teeth, bones, shells, cell walls: materials that are difficult to destroy

Front 13

coalification

Back 13

compression fossils

Front 14

permineralization

Back 14

keeps organism in tact: organic material is replaced by cellular detail; Most informative fossil*

Front 15

molecular clock hypothesis

Back 15

organisms accumulate changes at a set rate

Front 16

endosymbiosis

Back 16

1 cell lives inside another in order for both to co-exist

Front 17

phagocytosis

Back 17

1 cell "eats" another

Front 18

minimalist cell

Back 18

DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell (plasma) membrane

Front 19

Typical Prokaryote

Back 19

minimalist cell + cell wall + flagella + pili + secreted capsule; symbiont lifestyle

Front 20

autotrophs

Back 20

fix carbon, able to feed themselves without consuming energy from an outside source

Front 21

heterotroph

Back 21

don't fix carbon, obtain food from other organisms

Front 22

photoautotroph

Back 22

able to trap light energy-used for photosynthesis to make own food

Front 23

chemoautotroph

Back 23

run chemical reactions with inorganic materials in order to make own food

Front 24

photoheterotroph

Back 24

able to trap light energy-used for photosynthesis to make ATP, but not enough ATP to sustain itself; needs another source of ATP energy as well

Front 25

chemoheterotroph

Back 25

get ATP and energy from other organisms

Front 26

nitrogen fixation

Back 26

combining nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonium-needed for creation of nucleotides, amino acids, and proteins

Front 27

Nitrogenase

Back 27

enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation; irreversibly inhibited by oxygen (so it's found in anaerobic areas)

Front 28

Obligate Aerobes

Back 28

need oxygen for ATP production

Front 29

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 29

poisoned by oxygen and produce ATP with fermentation

Front 30

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 30

use oxygen for ATP production but can survive for long periods of time on fermentation

Front 31

Extreme thermophiles

Back 31

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments

Front 32

Extreme halophiles

Back 32

Archaea that thrive in very salty conditions

Front 33

Methanogens

Back 33

Archaea that release methane as a waste product; thrive in anaerobic conditions

Front 34

cyanobacteria

Back 34

photoautotrophs that are the only prokaryotes with plant-like oxygen-generating photosynthesis

Front 35

Gram-positive bacteria

Back 35

actinomycetes (decomposers/antibiotics), Bacillus, mycoplasma (zoonotic disease-only group with cell wall), staphylococcus

Front 36

Spirochaetes

Back 36

free-living and pathogenics (Lyme disease and syphilis)

Front 37

Chlamydias

Back 37

intracellular parasites of animals (need ATP-can't run on own metabolism well)

Front 38

Alpha Proteobacteria

Back 38

many nitrogen fixers and the closest relatives to the mitochondria

Front 39

Gamma Proteobacteria

Back 39

includes chemoautotrophs (purple and green) and E. Coli, Vibrio cholerae (cholera-"filth disease": sewage and water)

Front 40

Beta proteobacteria

Back 40

includes chemoautotrophs involved in the Nitrogen cycle

Front 41

Delta proteobacteria

Back 41

colonial mycobacteria, Bdellovibrio

Front 42

Epsilon proteobacteria

Back 42

mostly pathogens, campylobacter (food poisoning)

Front 43

Diplomonads

Back 43

Giardia, multiple flagella, simple cytoskeleton, 2 nuclei

Front 44

Parabasalids

Back 44

Trichomonas-STD, flagella and undulating membrane (like a sail)

Front 45

Euglenoids

Back 45

Euglena, anterior pocket with flagella, pellicle (changes shape) or lonca (doesn't change shape), most heterotrophs, some with plastids from 2ndary endosymbiosis

Front 46

Kinetoplasids

Back 46

Trypanosoma, single mitochondrion associated with kinetoplasts of DNA; symbionts, undulating membrane, zoonoses

Front 47

Dinoflagellates

Back 47

abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton; bioluminescent-an ATP driven chemical reaction that creates an eerie glow

Front 48

Apicomplexans

Back 48

parasites of animals that contain tiny infectious cells called sporozoites; contain non-photosynthetic plastids called apicoplasts (synthesis of fatty acids)

Front 49

Ciliates

Back 49

large, varied group named for their cilia that they use to move and feed

Front 50

conjugation

Back 50

sexual process in which 2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

Front 51

Oomycetes

Back 51

water molds, white rusts, downy mildews; cell walls made of cellulose

Front 52

Diatoms

Back 52

unicellular algae that have unique glass-like walls make of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix

Front 53

Golden Algae

Back 53

photosynthetic algae named for their yellow and brown carotenoids

Front 54

Brown Algae

Back 54

seaweeds; brown or olive color due to the carotenoids in their plastids

Front 55

thallus

Back 55

a seaweed body that is plant-like; lacks roots, stems, and leaves

Front 56

alternation of generations

Back 56

alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms

Front 57

heteromorphic

Back 57

sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different

Front 58

isomorphic

Back 58

sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally similar

Front 59

Foraminiferans

Back 59

named for their porous shells (tests)

Front 60

Radiolarians

Back 60

tests are fused into one delicate piece made of silica