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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hemolymph
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the circulatory fluid of certain invertebrates, funtioning similar to blood (in all arthropods and most mollusks)
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Interstitial Fluid
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the liquid found between the cells of the body that provide much of the liquid environment of the body
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Fibrin
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the insoluble protein end product of blood coagulation, formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
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Fibrinogen
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a protein in the blood plasma that is essential for the coagulation of blood. It is converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin
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Thrombin
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an enzyme of the blood plasma that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the last step of the blood clotting process
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Prothrombin
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a plasma protein envolved in blood coagulation that is converted into thrombin
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Arteries
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any of the muscular elastic tubes that form a branching system and that carry blood AWAY from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body
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Arterioles
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a smaller artery, leading from the arteries to the capillaries
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Vein
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a blood vessel carrying blood from the tissues to the heart
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Venules
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a smaller vein, especially one joining capillaries to larger veins
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Capillaries
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the smallest of the blood vessels; the very thin walls of capillaries are permeable to many molecules, and exhanges between blood and the tissues occurs across them; the vessels that connect arteries with veins
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Conus Arteriousus
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a conical puch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle, from which the pulmonary artery arises
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Pulmonary Artery
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carries blood from the heart to the lungs
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Pulmonary Vein
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carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
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Oncotic Pressure
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in blood plasma, the dissolved compounds have an smotic pressure
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Angina Pectoris
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chest pain due to ischemia, or lack of oxygenated blood to the heart
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Ficks Law of Diffusion
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the rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between two regions
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Countercurrent Flow
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water flows over the fishes lamellae in one direction and blood flows the opposite direction, oxygenation the blood (how fish breath)
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Pleural Cavity
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the thin space between the chest wall and lung tissues filled with a serous fluid
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Tidal Volume
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about 500 millimeters volume of air, movement/capacity of lungs with and without air
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Vital Capacity
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the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful, maximum breath
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Emphysema
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potentially fatal condition, caused by smoking, vital capacity is reduced as the alveoli are progressivly destroyed
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Hypoventilating
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insufficient breathing to obtain oxygen
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Hyperventilating
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breathing too fast with a low metabolic rate
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Aortic/Carotid Bodies
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sensory structures that signal changes in pH of the blood, to the brain to increase breathing
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Chemoreceptors
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sensors that stimulate increased breathing because of high carbon dioxide levels
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Hemoglobin
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the oxygen carrying pigment of red blood cells
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Hemocyanin
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a bluish, copper containing protein with an oxygen carrying funtion
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Bohr Effect
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an effect by wich an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in the pH reults in a reduction of the affinity of hemoglobin and oxygen, releasing oxygen into the blood stream
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Chloride Shift
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the movement of chloride ions from the plasma into red blood cells as a result of the ransfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to the plasma, a process that serves to maintiain blood pH
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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an enzyme that speeds up the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to more rapidly remove carbon dioxide from the body
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Shallow Water Blackout
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carbon dioxide levels in body are low, oxygen levels low, but body does not recognize to breath yet because CO2 is low, so you blackout, and when you take your breath you breath in water
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Vaso Constrictors
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block blood to appendiges
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Diving Reflex
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breathing/metabolism slows, no more blood to extremitites only to brain and organs, myoglobin is release
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Nitrogen Narcosis
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nitrogen gets into blood, person feels intoxicated
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Bends (Chokes)
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bubbles form in tussue when pressure is reduced too quickly and cause great pain when pressure is applied again
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Embolism
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alveoli or lungs are weak and do not allow oxygen to be released, causing them to rupture, and oxygen bubbles get into arteries, eventually going to the brain and heart
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Erythropoietin
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signals bone marrow to produce more Red Blood Cells
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Vasoconstriction
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blood kept away from skin surface to keep body warmer
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Vasodialation
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blood releases heat when it passes near the skin, cooling the body
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aneurysm
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the pooling of blood in an artery
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Coronary Artery
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provides blood for the heart
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Atheriosclerosis
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thickening of arterial lumen due to fatty acids
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening of arteries due to calcium buildup
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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higher of the two pressures; how hard the heart must work to pump blood back after circulation is cut off
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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lower of the two pressures; resting blood pressure
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Sensory Neurons
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nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting externam stimuli from the organisms environment
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Motor Neurons
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neurons located in the Central Nervous System
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Interneurons (Association Neurons)
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a nerve cell found only in the middle of the spinal cord that acts as a functional link between sensory neurons and motor neurons
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Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cord, main communication in the body
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Peripheral Nervous System
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nerves and neurons that signal to the CNS
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Somatic Motor Neurons
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voluntary neurons that have to be signaled before moving
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Autonomic Motor Neurons
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involuntary neurons that move body parts without being signaled to do such
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Sympathetic Autonomic Neurons
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signals body to make a quick reaction when startled
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Neurons
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calms body back down after being scared
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Cell Body
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compact bundle of nerve cell
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Dendrites
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recieve stimulants, sending them towards the cell body; are capable of altering messages
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Axons
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carrie information from the dendrites; myelinated
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Myelin
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a fatty layer surronding axons that premote quicker signal transportation
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Nodes of Ranvier
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gaps in the myelinated axons, where axon is exposed
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Gray Matter
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gray nerve tissue, dendrite and ganglion
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White Matter
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contains axon
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Summation
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the process by which multiple or repeated stimuli can produce a response in a nerve, muscle, or other part that one stimulus alone cannot produce
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Threshold
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the point at which a stimulant is of sufficient intensity to produce and effect
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Saltatory Conduction
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a form of nerve impulse conduction in which the impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next, rather then traveling along the entire axon
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Synapse
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the junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell
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Synaptic Vesicle
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in a neuron, stores the various neurotransmitters that are released during exocytosis
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Synaptic Cleft
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the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter called also synaptic gap
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Neurotransmitters
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a chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
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EPSP
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a temporary increase in post synaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
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IPSP
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the change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic neuron which results from activation of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors
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GABA
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an inhibitory neurotransmitter found, allowing for the opening of ion channels
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Habituation
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reduction of psychological or behavoiral response occuring when a specific stimulus occurs repeatedly
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Limbic System
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a ring of interconnected structures in the midline of the brain around the hypothalamus involved with emotion and memory and with hoeostatic regulatory systems
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Knee-Jerk Reflex
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Patellar Reflex
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Ganglion
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mass of nerve cell bodies
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Hormone
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released by endocrine glands into the blood stream; travel a long distance; dont react until they reach the target cell
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Neurotransmitters
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released by neurons into synapse; travel a very short distance
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Neurohormones
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released by neurons into the blood stream
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Endocrine Gland
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secrete directly into the blood stream
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Exocrine Gland
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an externally secreting gland, secretes into ducts
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NSAID's
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drugs that reduce pain, fever, and inflammation
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Steroid
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fat soluble (lipid)
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Diabetes Insipidus
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a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by intense thirst and excessive urination, caused by a defficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin
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Diabetes Mellitus
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a chronic disease in which there is too much glucose in the blood, and not enough insulin is produced to lower the levels
T1 - beta cells destroyed T2 - reduced sensativity on target cells = no glucose absorption |
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Juvenile Hormone
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a hormone in insect larvae that inhibits exdysone, thereby preventing molting and the development of larvae into adults until its level drops
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Parathyroid Gland
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a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorous in the body
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Thyroxine
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a thyroid gland hormone that regulates the metabolic rate of the body
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Paracrine Regulators
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molecules not produced by endocrine glands, and they stay in organ tissue
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Pheromone
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molecules released into the environment (sex attractant)
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Trophic Hormones
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stimulate other hormones to start producing/secreting
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Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals
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mimic molecules that send negative feedback, but do not act the same as the actual hormone
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Negative Feedback
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signal to the brain telling it to stop production of a certain hormone becuase there is enough
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Copious
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large in quantity or number; plentiful
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Uricase
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an enzyme that promotes oxidation of uric acid to allantoin, carbon dioxide, and other products and that is found in the liver, kidney, and brain of most animals other than primates
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Allantoin
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white, crystallin oxidation product of uric acid that is the metabolic end product of vertebrate purine oxidation and is used medicinally to promote tissue growth
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Gout
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a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metablosim resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints
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Protonephridia
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system of exretory tubules that expel fluids and wastes from the body
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Nephrostome
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the ciliated funnel shaped inner opening of a nephridium into the coelom in some invertebrates and lower vertebrates
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Isotonic
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having the same concentration of solutes as the blood
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Hypertonic
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having the higher osmotic pressure/concentration of two solutions
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Hypotonic
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having the lower osmotic pressure/concentration of two solutions
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Vasa Recta
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numerous small vessels that arise from the terminal branches of arteries supplying the intestine; play a role in concentration of urine
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