Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
phylogeny
|
the evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related and in what order related species evolved; often represented by a evolutionary tree
|
|
|
heterotroph
|
feeds on other plants or animals to gain energy by degrading their organic molecules
|
|
|
zygote
|
the diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes
|
|
|
cleavage
|
in vertabrates, a rapid series of successive cell divisions of a fertilized egg, forming a hollow sphere of cells called a blastula
|
|
|
morula
|
solid ball of cells in the early stage of embryonic development
|
|
|
blastopore
|
in vertebrate development, the opening that connects the archenteron cavity of a gastrula stage embryo with the outside
|
|
|
gastrula
|
in vertebrates, the embryonic stage in which the blastula with its single layer of cells turns into a 3 layered embryon made up of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
|
|
|
tissue
|
a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit
|
|
|
parazoa
|
multicell organisms having less specialized cells, and no tissue
|
|
|
metazoa
|
multicell organisms having cells that are differentiated and form tissues and organs
|
|
|
radiata
|
a group of invertebrates having all parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and various organs repeated symetrically in each ray
|
|
|
bilateria
|
having bilateral symmetry
|
|
|
chordata
|
the phylum of animals who have a single dorsal neve cord and notocord (a backbone)
|
|
|
cephalization
|
evolutionary trend in animal kingdom toward centralization of nuetral and sensory organs in or near the head
|
|
|
coelom
|
gut cavity between the body wall and digestive tract
|
|
|
acoelomate
|
an animal lacking a coelom
|
|
|
coelomates
|
animals that contain a coelom completely within the mesoderm
|
|
|
metamerism
|
division of the body into metameres, homologous segments
|
|
|
clade
|
a group of organisms whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor
|
|
|
polyphyletic
|
a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
|
|
|
monophyletic
|
a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its decendents
|
|
|
mesoderm
|
1 of the 3 embryonic germ layers that form in the gastrula, it gives rise to muscle, bone, and other connective tissues, the circulatory system, and most excretory and reproductive systems
|
|
|
ectoderm
|
1 of the 3 embryonic germ layers that form in the gastrula, it gives rise to the outter epitheleum of the body (skin, hair, nails) and to the nerve tissue, including sense organs like the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
endoderm
|
1 of the 3 embryonic germ layers that form in the gastrula, it gives rise to the epitheleum that lines internal structures and most of the digestive and resperitory tracts
|
|
|
segmentation
|
subdivision of an organism or organ into equivilant parts
|
|
|
psuedocoelomates
|
have a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm
|
|
|
protosomes
|
spiral cleavage, determinate development (cells fate is prederermined), blastopore becomes the mouth, coelom forms after mesoderm cells seperate
|
|
|
dueterostomes
|
radial cleavage, indeterminate development, blastopore becomes the anus, coelom formed via blastopore
|
|
|
evo-devo
|
evolutionary and developmental biology
|
|
|
Cambrian Explosion
|
535 million years ago when animal diversity became very abundant
|
|
|
lophophore
|
a ring or ushaped arrangment of tentacles, that lead to the mouth of an animal (like in jellyfish)
|
|
|
trocophore
|
a free swimming larval stage unique to the molluk and annelids
|
|
|
ecdysozoans
|
animals that increase their size by molting their extermal skeleton
|
|
|
choanocyte
|
one of the layers of flagellated cells lining the body cavity of a sponge and characterized by a collar of cytoplasmt
|
|
|
medusa
|
a saucer or dome shaped free swimming jellyfish or hydra
|
|
|
polyp
|
a sedentary type of animal from characterized by a more or less fixed base, columnar body, and free end with mouth (sponge)
|
|
|
nematocyst
|
an organ in coelenterates consisting of a minute capsule containing an ejectable thread that causes a sting
|
|
|
flame cells
|
cells that line the exretory tubules in flatworms, the tubules are tiny hollow tubes
|
|
|
gastrovascular cavity
|
the body cavity that functions with digestion and transportation of nutrients
|
|
|
gastrodermis
|
the inner layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity
|
|
|
Sponges
|
parazoa, the simplest animals
|
|
|
detritivore
|
organism that uses organic waste as a food source
|
|
|
coprophagy
|
organisms that feed on their own fesces
|
|
|
metamorphosis
|
larval lives in one environment and the adult lives in a different environment
|
|
|
anterior
|
front
|
|
|
posterior
|
back
|
|
|
dorsal
|
towards the spinal column
|
|
|
ventral
|
towards the belly surface
|
|
|
sagital plane
|
splits bilateral symmetrical animals down the middle from head to toe
|
|
|
myzostomids
|
animals with no body cavity and uncomplete segmentation
|
|
|
hermaphroditic
|
an organism in which reproductive organs of both sexes are present
|
|
|
radula
|
a flexible tonguelike organ in certain mollusks, having rows of horny teeth to help brake up food
|
|
|
Mother-of-Pearl
|
a hard, iridescent substance that forms the inner layer of certain mollusks shells; used for making decorations
|
|
|
Trocophore Larva
|
free swimming larva with rows or cilia, found in some mollusks and annelids
|
|
|
Mantle
|
layer of tissue that covers certain coelomates and secretes the material needed to make a shell
|
|
|
Setae
|
still hair like bristles that help earth worms attach to surfaces with slipping
|
|
|
Clitellum
|
a glandular region in the epidermis of annelids that secretes a viscous fluid to form a cocoon for their eggs
|
|
|
Exoskeleton
|
a hard outter structure like a shel used for protection and to hold together the structure
|
|
|
Ecdysis
|
the shedding of an outter layer of skin or exoskeleton
|
|
|
Tracheae (windpipe)
|
tube carrying air from larynx to bronchi
|
|
|
Malpighian Tubules
|
blind tubules opening into the hindgut of terrestrial arthropods; they function as excretory glands
|
|
|
Nauplius
|
the first larva of crustaceans
|
|
|
Nerve cord
|
primary bundle of nerves in chordates that connect the brain to the major muscles and organs of the body
|
|
|
Notocord
|
in chordates, a dorsal rod of cartilage that runs the length of the body and forms the primitive axial skeleton in the embryos of all chordates
|
|
|
Pharyngeal Slits
|
used in chordates that live in the water, covered by cilia, water is sifted through and food particles are caught
|
|
|
Pharynx
|
in vertebrates, a muscular tube that connects the mouth cavity and the esophagus, its serves as the gateway to the digestive tract
|
|
|
Centrum
|
interior body of a vertebrate
|
|
|
Tetrapods
|
animals that are vertebrates and have four legs
|
|
|
Chondrichthyes
|
class of animal - jawed fish with paired nostrils, scales, two chambered hears and skeletons make of cartilage, not bone (shark)
|
|
|
Placoderms
|
prehistoric fish characterized by armour plating; one of the first jawed fish
|
|
|
Swim Bladder
|
an internal organ filled with gas that helps a fish control its bouyancy
|
|
|
Pulmonary Vein
|
carries oxygen from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
|
|
|
Therapsid
|
mammal like reptiles
|
|
|
Amniotic Eggs
|
an egg that is isolated and protected from the environment by a more or less impervious shell during the period of its development and is completely self sufficient, requiring only oxygen
|
|
|
chorion
|
the outter member of the double membrane that surronds the embryo of most vertebrates; in placental mammals, it contributes to the structure of the placenta
|
|
|
Amnion
|
the inner most of the extraembryonic membranes; the amnion forms a fluid filled sac around the embryo in amniotic cells
|
|
|
Allantois
|
a membrane of the amniotic egg that functions in repiration and excretion in birds and reptiles and plays an important role in the development of the placenta in most animals
|
|
|
Amniotes
|
tetrapod vertebrates that following embryonic development are four legged hetertrophs, they skip a larval stage
|
|
|
Ecothermic
|
animals whose body temperature is regulated by their behavior and their surrondings
|
|
|
Endothermic
|
animals capable of maintaing a constant body temperature
|
|
|
Homeothermic
|
an organism capable of maintaining a stable body temperature independent of the environment temperature
|
|
|
Poikilothermic
|
animals whose body temperatures vary, often matching the surronding temperature of the immediate environment
|
|
|
Placenta
|
in mammals, a tissue formed in part from the inner lining of the uterus and in part from other membranes through which the embryo is nourished and waste carried away
|
|
|
Marsupium
|
an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled
|
|
|
Monotremes
|
an egg laying mammal
|
|
|
Australopithecines
|
group of extinct hominids that are closely related to humans
|
|
|
Homo Erectus
|
4.5 feet tall, walked upright, larger brain, skull suggests it was able to talk, out of Africa
|
|
|
Homo Neoanderthalensis
|
European in origin, similar to Homo Erectus, bet were first humans to show sign of care and belief of life after death
|
|
|
Homo Sapiens
|
only surviving species of the genus homo, modern day human
|
|
|
Homodent Dentition
|
teeth in jaw have the same shape
|
|
|
Bipedalism
|
moving on two appendages (walk, run, skip)
|
|
|
Incomplete metamorphosis
|
egg hatches and the first organism looks similar to the adult
|
|
|
Complete metamorphosis
|
egg hatches into larve, then it enters a resting stage (pupa) and is formed into an adult
|
|
|
Cephalathorax
|
head and thorax combination
|
|
|
Diadema
|
nocturnal sea urchine with sharp spines
|
|
|
Characteristics of a Vertebrate
|
pharyngeal gill pouches, hollow dorsal tubular nerve cord, notocord, and a post anal tail
|
|
|
First animals to walk on land
|
amphibians, gave rise to reptiles
|
|
|
Therapsids (reptile)
|
gave rise to mammals
|
|
|
Thecodonts (reptile)
|
a bird that gave rise to dinosaurs
|
|
|
Primates
|
have grasping fingers and toes, and have binocular vision
|
|
|
Chorion
|
tissue just beneath the shell that allows the egg to breath
|
|
|
Amnion
|
encases the embryo and helps maintain its fluid environment
|
|
|
Yolk Sac
|
stored food in an egg
|
|
|
Allantois
|
stores nitrogen and removes waste
|
|
|
Germ Layers
|
the three cell layers formed at gastrulation of the embryo that foreshadow the future organization of tissues, the layers from the outside inwards are, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
|
|
|
Peritoneal Cavity
|
space in between the perietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum
|
|
|
Thorac Cavity
|
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck, containing the lungs and heart
|
|
|
Endocrine Glands
|
ductless gland that secretes hormones into the extracellular spaces, from with they diffuse into the circulatory system
|
|
|
Exocrine Glands
|
a type of gland that releases its secretion through a duct, such as a digestive or sweat gland
|
|
|
Ground Substance (Matrix)
|
the intercellular material in which the cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded
|
|
|
Collagen
|
the fiberous protein constituent of bone, cartillage, tendon
|
|
|
Elastin
|
a protein constituting the basic substance of elastic tissues
|
|
|
Reticulin
|
a protein substance that is a constituent of reticular tissue
|
|
|
Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes
|
a flat irregular braching cell of connective tissue that secretes structurally strong proteins onto the matrix between cells
|
|
|
Chondrocyte
|
a cartilage cell
|
|
|
Lacunae
|
a cavity in bone that contains cartilage or bone cells
|
|
|
Osteocytes
|
the original (mature) bone cell
|
|
|
Osteoblast
|
a new bone forming cell
|
|
|
Osteoclast
|
a cell that breaks down bone, absorbs the calcium phosphate and puts it back into the circulatory system
|
|
|
Canaliculi
|
a small canal in bone
|
|
|
Haversian Canal System
|
narrow channels that run parrallel the length of the bone and contain blood vessels and nerve cells
|
|
|
Muscle Fibers
|
a long, cylinderical, multinucleated cell containing numerous myofibrils, which is capable of contraction when stimulated
|
|
|
Myofibrils
|
muscle cell contractile subunit
|
|
|
Myofilaments
|
a contractile microfilament, composed largely of actin and myosin, within muscle
|
|
|
Myosin
|
thick filament
|
|
|
Actin
|
thin filament
|
|
|
sarcomere
|
fundamental unit of contraction in skeletal muscle; made up of repeating bands of actin and mysin
|
|
|
Sliding Filament Mechanism
|
1 ATP required for the myosin to attach to the actin, then 1 ATP required to release from it, the myosin inches its way up the actin, contracting the sarcomere
|
|
|
Rigor Mortis
|
stiff dead body, no more ATP to allow muscle movement
|
|
|
Tropomyosin
|
blocks the myosin/actin connection held together by troponin. To initiate the myosin/actin connection, calcium ions must be released, freeing the actin from the tropomyosin
|
|
|
Tranverse (T) Tubules
|
a deep invagination of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardia muscle cells; allows for depolarization of the membrane
|
|
|
Neurotransmitter
|
a chemical released at the axon terminal of a nueron that travels across the synaptic cleft, binds a specific receptor on the far side, and depending on the nature of the receptor, polarizes a second nueron
|
|
|
Motor End Plate
|
highly excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action
|
|
|
Acetylcholine
|
first nuerotransmitter to be identified
|
|
|
Slow Twitch Fibers
|
red fibers, good oxygen supply, can hold contraction for a long time (endurance muscle)
|
|
|
Fast Twitch Muscle
|
white fibers, made to contract very quickly (speed muscle)
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
sustained forceful muscle contraction with no relaxation
|
|
|
Epitheleal Tissue
|
provides lining, isolating the inside from the outside
|
|
|
Herbivores
|
animals that feed cheifly on plants
|
|
|
Carnivores
|
animals that feed cheifly on flesh (meat) of other animals
|
|
|
Omnivores
|
an animal that eats both plants and animals
|
|
|
Cecum
|
a pouch at the begining of the large intestine that stores digested food; herbivores have larger cecums than carnivors
|
|
|
Larynx
|
the upper part of the trachea that is made up of cartilage and contains the vocal cords
|
|
|
Glottis
|
the opening at the upper part of the larynx, between the vocal cords
|
|
|
Epiglottis
|
a thin, valve like, cartilagineous structure that covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing the enterance of food and drink into the larynx
|
|
|
Gizzard
|
a modified muscular pouch behind the stomach in birds, containing ingested grit to help break down food; it is the birds teeth
|
|
|
Crop
|
a pouch in the esophogous in which food is held for later digestion or for regurgitation to nestlings
|
|
|
Sphincter
|
a circulatory band of colunatry and involunatry muscle that encircles an orafice of the body
|
|
|
Peristalsis
|
the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract (esophogus)that moves food towards the stomach
|
|
|
Chyme
|
the semi fluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secretion and which passes from the stomach into the small intestine
|
|
|
Duodenum
|
the first portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
Jejunum
|
the middle portion of the small intestine
|
|
|
Ileum
|
the lowest part of the small intestine
|
|
|
Small Intestine
|
transports food as it is continually broken down and absorbed
|
|
|
Villi
|
one of the minute, wormlike processes on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, where they release an absorbing nutrient
|
|
|
Microvilli
|
any of the small, finger like projections of an epitheleal cell that help to absorb nutrients
|
|
|
Lactase
|
an enzyme in intestinal fluids that catalyzed the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose
|
|
|
Acini
|
the smallest secreting portion of a gland
|
|
|
Jaundice
|
yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, due to an excessive accumulation of fluid within the body
|
|
|
Gallstone
|
an abnormal mass, usually of cholesterol, formed in the gallbladder or bile passages
|
|
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
the formation of glucose, especially by the liver, from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and the glyceron portion of fats
|
|
|
Obesity
|
the condition of being over weight (20% greater than the average weight for a person of a height and age)
|
|
|
Amylase
|
breaks down starches
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
acellular digestion
|
|
|
Incomplete Digestion
|
organism has one opening (mouth and anus)
|
|
|
Complete Digestion
|
complex, tube within a tube (humans)
|
|
|
Tendon
|
connects muscle to bone
|
|
|
Ligament
|
connects bone to bone
|
|
|
Gastric Gland
|
secretes HCl (stomach acid)
|
|
|
Gastroesophygeal Sphincter
|
prevents HCl from coming up out of the stomach
|
|
|
Cheif Cells
|
produce pepsin
|
|
|
Pepsin
|
digests proteins
|
|
|
Lacteal
|
in the microvillum; absorbs fats
|
|
|
Bile Salts
|
stored in the gallbladder, used to break down fat
|
|
|
Lymphatic System
|
absorbs fat (fatty acids wrapped in cholesterol)
|
|
|
Rumins
|
animals with complex digestive systems
|
|
|
Ulcers caused by...
|
helicobater
|
