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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Valence of Carbon (2.2)
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4
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Science (1.2)
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a means of coming to understand the natural world through observation and the testing of hypothesis. Also, a collection of insights about nature
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Evidence for science (1.2)
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an array of facts
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Theories (1.2)
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unified insights of science
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Scientific Method (1.2)
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the process by which scientists investigate the natural world. Involves the testing of hypotheses through observation and experiment
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Hypothesis (1.2)
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tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon
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Variable (1.2)
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an adjustable condition in an experiment
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Theory (1.2)
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a general set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of nature
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What does Science only concern itself with explaining (1.2)
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natural phenomenon
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Biology (1.3)
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the study of life
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Levels of Organization in Living Things (1.3)
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Atom --> Molecules --> Organelles --> Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organism --> Population --> Community --> Biosphere
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Life Science (1.4)
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a set of disciplines that focus on varying aspects of the living world
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Matter (2.1)
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anything that takes up space and had mass
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Mass (2.1)
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a measure of the QUANTITY of the matter in any given object
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Atom (2.1)
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the smallest particle of an element
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Particles that make up an atom (2.1)
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Proton, Neutron, and Electron
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Atom's Nucleus (2.1)
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made up of tightly packed protons and neutrons and is the core of an atom
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Protons (2.1)
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positively charged
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Electrons (2.1)
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negatively charged
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Neutrons (2.1)
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have no charge
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Weight of an atom (2.1)
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nucleus accounts for all of the mass of an atom
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the number of protons an atom has is exactly equal to the number of electrons it has
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(2.1)
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Element (2.1)
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A substance that cannot be reduced to any simpler set of components through chemical processes
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How an element is defined (2.1)
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An element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
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Atomic Number (2.1)
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. all elements are ordered on the periodic table according to atomic number
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Atomic Mass (2.1)
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mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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Isotopes (2.1)
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A form of an element as defined by the number of neutrons contained in its nucleus. Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
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Molecule (2.1)
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a combination of atoms
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Chemical Bonding (2.2)
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the process of chemical combination and rearrangement
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3 Kinds of Bonds (2.2)
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Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen
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Why atoms bond with one another (2.2)
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they are in a more stable state after the bonding occurs
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How atoms become more stable (2.2)
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by filling their outer shell
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First Shell of and atom (2.2)
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requires 2 electrons
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Second shell and beyond of an atoms (2.2)
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require 8 electrons
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Covalent Bond (2.2)
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chemical bond in which atoms share pairs of electrons
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Electronegativity (2.2)
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the measure of the strength of attraction an atom has for electrons that are being shared in a covalent bond
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Polarity (2.2)
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a difference in electrical charge at one end of a molecule compared to the other
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Polar Covalent Bond (2.2)
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A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other end a slight positive charge
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond (2.2)
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a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms
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Ionic Bond (2.2)
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the attraction is so great between two atoms that it results in a loss or gain of electrons for the atom
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Ion (2.2)
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an atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge
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Ionic Compound (2.2)
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A compound composed of the linked, ionic forms of two or more elements
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Example of Ionic Compound (2.2)
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table salt results from ionic bonds formed between the elements sodium and chloride (NaCl).
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Hydrogen Bond (2.2)
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A chemical bond that links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with a second, relatively electronegative atom
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5 Elements that are the building blocks of humans
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHONPS)
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Procaryotes
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has a nucleus
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Eucaryotes
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has no nucleus
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Valence of Hydrogen
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1
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Valence of Oxygen
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2
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Valence of Nitrogen
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3
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Importance of Molecular Shape (2.3)
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determines the capacity of molecules to latch on to or "bind" with one another
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Facts about Water (2.4)
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living thins are 75-95% water
71% of the earth's surface is ocean water human body is 66% water |
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Water's role in reactions (2.4)
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facilities many of the reactions thanks to its chemical structure
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Solution (2.4)
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a mixture of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions that is homogeneous throughout
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Solute (2.4)
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the substance being dissolved by a solvent to form a solution (ex: salt being dissolved in water to make salt water)
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Solvent (2.4)
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the substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
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Steps of H2O as a Solvent (2.4)
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Attraction --> Separation --> Dispersion
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Water's as a solvent (2.4)
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it's a terrific solvent
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What is unusual about water's solid form (2.4)
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water in it's solid form is less dense than its liquid form
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Specific Heat (2.4)
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
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Properties of Hydrogen Bonds
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they are weak bonds and are always breaking and reforming
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Specific Heat of Water (2.4)
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has a high specific heat
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Cohesion (2.4)
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a tendency to stay together
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Water and Cohesion (2.4)
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Since water has a formidable set of hydrogen bonds, it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds and get its molecules moving. This quality in turn creates cohesion
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Hydrocarbons (2.4)
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A compound made of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are nonpolar covalent molecules and therefore are not easily dissolved in water
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Hydrophilic (2.4)
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"WATER LOVING" The property, possessed by some compounds, of being able to form chemical bonds with water molecules (ex: Table salt which is readily dissolved in water)
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Hydrophobic (2.4)
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"WATER FEARING" The property, possessed by some compounds, of being unable to form chemical bonds with water molecules (ex: oil)
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Properties of Water as Ice (2.4)
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the molecules are packed closely together and not moving fast. Also, ice is less dense than water
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Properties of Water as a Gas (2.4)
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the molecules are spread far apart and not packed closely to one another
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pH (2.5)
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a measure of hydrogen ion concentration
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Acid (2.5)
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any substance that yields hydrogen ions in solution (also said to yield protons in solution)
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pH # for Acids (2.5)
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Number below 7 on the pH scale (0-6)
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Base (2.5)
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any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution (also said to be something that accepts protons)
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pH # for Bases (2.5)
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Number above 7 (8-14)
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pH of pure water at equilibrium at 25 C (2.5)
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pH 7
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How an acid yields hydrogen ions (2.5)
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When an acid is placed in to water the acid dissociates or breaks apart into an ionic component
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What makes a substances more acidic or basic (2.5)
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Acid- has a greater concentration of hydrogen ions in the mixture
Base- has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions in the mixture |
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pH 7 (2.5)
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neutral
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Hydroxide Ion (2.5)
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OH- Ion
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Use of Hydroxide Ion (2.5)
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strongly basic so it is used to make acidic solutions move toward basic
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pH Scale (2.5)
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A scale utilized in measuring the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The scale, ranging from 0 to 14, quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The lower the pH number, the more acidic the solution; the higher the number, the more basic the solution
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Alkaline (2.5)
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a solution that is basic
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Why do we care about pH? (2.5)
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because living things are sensitive to its levels in many ways
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pH level of living things (2.5)
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7
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acid-base buffering system (2.5)
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physiological systems that function to keep pH within normal limits
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What is life based on? (3.1)
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carbon atom
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Carbon's bonding capacity (3.1)
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great because it achieves stability by linking up with 4 more electrons
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Carbon can link with other carbon (3.1)
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ex:C3H8
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Isomer (3.1)
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molecules that have the same chemical formulas but differ in their arrangement
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A "stripped down" version of carbon (3.1)
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Carbon is assumed to exist at each bond juncture in the ring
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Functional Group (3.2)
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A group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule. Functional groups usually are transferred as a unit among carbon-based molecules and often confer an electrical charge or polarity on the molecules they are part of
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Carboxyl (3.2)
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-COOH
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Hydroxyl (3.2)
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-OH
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Amino (3.2)
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-NH2
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Phosphate (3.2)
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-PO4
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polymer (3.3)
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a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits, called monomers
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Monomer (3.3)
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a small molecule that can be combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a polymer
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Carbohydrates (3.3)
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An organic molecule that always contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and that, in many instances, contains nothing but carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
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2 main functions of carbohydrates (3.3)
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1. energy
2. structure (cell walls of plants and fungi and external skeleton in arthropods) |
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Building blocks of carbohydrates (3.3)
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monosaccharides
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Calorie
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the amount of energy, or heat, it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
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Polysaccharides (3.3)
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the polymer of carbohydrates
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Starch (3.3)
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a complex carbohydrate found in plants (used as carbohydrate storage)
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glycogen (3.3)
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serve as primary form of carbohydrate storage in animals
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Cellulose (3.3)
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a rigid complex carbohydrate contained in the cell walls of many organisms
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Chitin (3.3)
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a complex carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of arthropods
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Dehydration Synthesis (3.3)
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water is removed between two monomers and a new bond is formed to make maltose
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Calories per pound of body fat (3.3)
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3,500
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Lipids (3.4)
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A member of a class of biological molecules whose defining characteristic is their relative insolubility in water (Ex: include triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids, and phospholipids)
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Lipids are hydrophobic (3.4)
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WATER HATING
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Glycerol (3.4)
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the most common kind of lipid
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Triglycerol (3.4)
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glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
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Fatty Acid (3.4)
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a molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group
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Saturated Fatty Acid (3.4)
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A fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain (solid at room temperature)
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monounsaturated fatty acid (3.4)
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A fatty acid with one double bond between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (3.4)
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A fatty acid with two or more double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain (liquid at room temperature)
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Steroids (3.4)
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a class of lipid molecules that have, as a central element in their structure, 4 carbon rings (insoluble in water)
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Natural Steroids (3.4)
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Estrogen, Testosterone, and Cholesterol
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Cholesterol (3.4)
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A steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells, and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids, among them the hormones testosterone and estrogen
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HDL (3.4)
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High-Density Lipoprotein ("good cholesterol") carry cholesterol to the liver and clearing it from the system
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LDL (3.4)
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Low Density Lipoprotein ("bad protein") carry cholesterol from the liver and intestines to the body
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Phospholipids (3.4)
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composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
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Proteins (3.5)
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polymers of amino acids, each amino acid contains nitrogen
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Polypeptide (3.5)
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a series of amino acids linked in linear fashion
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# of different kind of amino acids (3.5)
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20
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Structure of an Amino acid (3.5)
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always has an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a central carbon
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4 Levels of Protein Structure (3.5)
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Primary Structure --> Secondary Structure --> Tertiary Structure --> Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure of Protein (3.5)
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the protein's sequence of amino acids (the sequence determines everything else about the protein's final shape)
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Secondary Structure of Protein (3.5)
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the structure that proteins assume after folding up (ex: alpha helix)
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Tertiary Structure of a Protein (3.5)
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The large-scale twists and turns in a protein conformation (folded polypeptide chain)
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Quaternary Structure of a Protein (3.5)
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two or more polypeptide chains come together to form a protein
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Lipoproteins (3.5)
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A molecule composed of both lipid and protein. Lipoproteins transport fat molecules through the bloodstream to all parts of the body
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Glycoproteins (3.5)
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A molecule that combines protein and carbohydrate. Glycoproteins play important roles as cell receptors and some types of hormones, among other functions
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Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids (3.6)
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nucleotides
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DNA (3.6)
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The primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of two chains of nucleotides, linked together in the form of a double helix. Proteins are put together in accordance with the information encoded in DNA
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RNA (3.6)
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A nucleic acid that is active in the synthesis of proteins and that forms part of the structure of ribosomes. Varieties include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Nucleotides (3.6)
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The building block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
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Primary Sequence of Proteins (3.6)
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A T C and G
A-T G-C |
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Nutrition (30.4)
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the study of the relationship between food and health
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Nutrient does at least one of three things (30.4)
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1. provides energy
2. provides a structural building block for the body 3. helps regulate a process in the body |
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6 classes of nutrients (30.4)
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1. water
2. minerals 3. vitamins 4. proteins 5. carbohydrates 6. lipids |
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What percent of your body is water? (30.4)
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66%
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Minerals (30.5)
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chemical elements needed by the body either to help form bodily structures or to facilitate chemical reactions
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2 categories of dietary minerals (30.5)
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Major and Trace Minerals
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Major Minerals (30.5)
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Minerals needed in large amounts each day (more than 100 milligrams)
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Trace Minerals (30.5)
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Minerals needed in small amounts
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Vitamins (30.5)
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chemical compounds that are needed in small amounts in the diet to facilitate chemical reactions in the body
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Vitamins and joining (30.5)
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in order for the substrate to join the enzyme a substrate is needed
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