Biology 110 Unit 2

Front 1

Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

Back 1

A network of material secreted from cells that forms a complex meshwork outside of the cells. The ECM provides strength, support and organization.

Front 2

Diffusion

Back 2

When a solute moves from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 3

Ribosome

Back 3

Made of protiens and rRNA that provides the sites where protien synthesis occurs

Front 4

Osmosis

Back 4

The movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations. Water diffuses from a solution that is hypotonic (Lower solute concentration) into a solution that is hypertonic. (Higher solute concentration)

Front 5

Cytosol

Back 5

The region of a eukaryotic cell that is inside the the plasma membrane and outside the organelles.

Front 6

Lysosomes

Back 6

A small organelle found in animal cells that contains acid hydrolases that degrade macromolecules

Front 7

Cell Thoery

Back 7

1. All living things are composed of at least one cell
2. Cells are smallest units of living organisms
3. New cells come from pre existing ones

Front 8

Why is the size of cells limited?

Back 8

The size is limited because the size determines how quickly substances can be exchanged.

Front 9

Chloroplast

Back 9

Site of photosynthesis. Where cell makes its own food.

Front 10

Golgi Complex

Back 10

Modification, sorting, amd secretion, of lipids, and protiens

Front 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

Protien synthesis, sorting, and secretion

Front 12

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 12

Detoxification and lipid synthesis.

Front 13

Cytoplasm

Back 13

The region of the cell that is contained in the plasma membrane. Site of metabolism.

Front 14

Hypertonic

Back 14

When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher relative to the outside of the cell.

Front 15

Hypotonic

Back 15

When the solute concentration outside the cell is lower relative to the inside of the cell.

Front 16

Cofactor

Back 16

Usually an inorganic ion that temporarily binds to the surface of an enzyme and promotes a chemical reaction

Front 17

Motor Protien

Back 17

A category of cellular proteins that uses ATP as a source of energy to promote movement. Made of head, hinge, and tail.

Front 18

Plasmid

Back 18

A small circular peice of DNA found naturally in many strains of bacteria and also ocassionally in eukaryotic cells.

Front 19

Plastid

Back 19

A general name given to organelles found in plant and algal cells which are bound by two membranes and contain DNA and large amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoids, or starch

Front 20

Oxidation

Back 20

A process that involves the removal of electrons; occurs during the breakdown of small organic molocules.

Front 21

Catalyst

Back 21

An agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction.

Front 22

Metabolism

Back 22

The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism. Also a specific set of chemical reactions occuring at the cellular level.

Front 23

Isotonic

Back 23

When solute concentrates on both side of plasma membrane are equal.

Front 24

Active Transport

Back 24

The transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient. From low to high

Front 25

Reduction

Back 25

The addition of electrons to an atom or molecule

Front 26

Chromatin

Back 26

The biochemical composition of chromsomes which contain dna and many types of protiens

Front 27

Nucleolus

Back 27

region in the nucleus made of non dividing cells where ribosome assembly occurs

Front 28

Crenation

Back 28

The process that occurs when an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic medium water leaves the cell

Front 29

Gradient

Back 29

Difference in physical properties

Front 30

Aquaporin

Back 30

A 3 dimensional cell pore that allows water to diffuse through the membrane.

Front 31

Energy

Back 31

The ability to promote change

Front 32

Enzyme

Back 32

A protein responsible for speeding up a chemincal reaction in a cell

Front 33

Coenzyme

Back 33

An organic molecule that participates in the chemical reaction but is left unchanged when the reaction is complete

Front 34

Phagocytosis

Back 34

Form of endocytosis that involves the formation of a membrane vesicle called a phagosome that engulfs a large particle like a bacterium

Front 35

Excergonic Reaction

Back 35

Reactions that release energy

Front 36

Endergonic Reaction

Back 36

Reaction where energy is stored

Front 37

Endosymbiotic Theory

Back 37

Theory that mitochondria and and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence in a primordial animal cell

Front 38

Concentration

Back 38

The amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of measure

Front 39

Mitochondria

Back 39

Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that makes most of the cells ATP

Front 40

Substrate

Back 40

The reactant molecules and/or ions that bind to an enzyme, at the active site AND PARTICIPATE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Front 41

Nuclear Matrix

Back 41

A network of protiens that is found inside the nucleus and lines the inner nuclear membrane. Organizes chromosomes

Front 42

Pinocytosis

Back 42

A form of endocytosis that involves the formation of membrane vesicles from the plasma membrane as a way for cells to internalize the extracellular fluid.

Front 43

Activation Energy

Back 43

An initail input of energy in a chemical reaction that allows the molecules to get close enough to cause a rearrangement of bonds

Front 44

Signal Transduction

Back 44

A group of proteins that that covert an intial signal to a different signal inside a cell

Front 45

Tight Junction

Back 45

A type of Junction that forms a seal between the adjacent epithelial cells and thereby prevents molecules from leaking between cells; also called an occluding junction

Front 46

Allosteric site

Back 46

A site where a molecule can bind noncovovalently and affect the function of the active site. The binding of a molecule to an allosteric site causes a conformational change in the enzyme that inhibits its catalytic function

Front 47

Cell Junctions

Back 47

Specialized structures that adhere cells to each other and to the ECM

Front 48

4 Eukaryotic kingdoms

Back 48

1.Protista
2.Fungi
3.Plantae
4.Animalia

Front 49

Vaculoles

Back 49

1.Central Vaculole- helps maintains plant shape and structure by storing water
2.Contractile Vaculole- pumps water out of protist cells to maintain suitable concentration
3.Storage Vaculole- storage for molecules that is a food source for the cell.

Front 50

Thermodynamics

Back 50

The study of energy interconversions

Front 51

Nuclear Envelope

Back 51

A double membrane structure that encloses the cell's nucleus.

Front 52

Product

Back 52

During a chemical reaction the reactants are converted into products.

Front 53

Competitive Inhibitor

Back 53

A molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme and inhibits the ability of the substrate to bind

Front 54

Cytoskeleton and 3 types

Back 54

Cellular skeleton made out of protein.
1.Microtubles
2.Microfilaments
3.Intermediate filaments

Front 55

NonCompetative Inhibitor

Back 55

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a location that is outside the active site and inhibits the enzymes function

Front 56

Cell Wall

Back 56

A rigid pourous structure that supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Made up of cellulose which is a long chain of glucose

Front 57

Channel Transport

Back 57

A protein that forms an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules accross a membrane

Front 58

Passive Transport

Back 58

The diffusion of a solute accross a membrane in a process that does not require an input of energy.

Front 59

Potential Energy

Back 59

The energy that a substance possesses due to its structure or location

Front 60

Kinetic Energy

Back 60

Energy associated with movement

Front 61

Cell recognition

Back 61

interaction between cells that is possibly dependent upon specific adhesion. Since the mechanism is not entirely clear in most cases, the term should be used with caution.

Front 62

Plasmolysis

Back 62

The shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall of a plant or bacterium due to water loss from osmosis, thereby resulting in gaps between the cell wall and cell membrane.

Front 63

Endocytosis

Back 63

A cell in which the plasma membrane invaginates, or folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell

Front 64

Exocytosis

Back 64

A process in which material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium

Front 65

Cholesterol's Role in Membrane

Back 65

helps maintain the integrity of these membranes, and plays a role in facilitating cell signaling-- meaning the ability of your cells to communicate with each other so you function as a human, rather than a pile of cells

Front 66

Peroxisome

Back 66

A small organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that catalyzes detoxifying reactions

Front 67

ATP

Back 67

adenosine triphosphate, primary energy carrier

Front 68

energy carrier

Back 68

molecule that carries energy

Front 69

Active Site

Back 69

The location in an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place

Front 70

Compnents of the nucleus

Back 70

1.Nuclear Pore
2.Nuclear Envelope
3.Chromatin
4.Nucleolus

Front 71

Middle Lamella

Back 71

A layer composed mostly of carbs that cements plant cells together

Front 72

Nucleoplasm

Back 72

Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm or nuclear sap

Front 73

Free Ribosome

Back 73

Free ribosomes can move about anywhere in the cytosol, but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles

Front 74

Membrane Bound Ribosome

Back 74

When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become "membrane-bound". In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the "rough ER".

Front 75

Phospholipid

Back 75

Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.

Front 76

Lipid bilayer

Back 76

The lipid bilayer is a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. Cell Membrane

Front 77

Endomembrane system

Back 77

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles

Front 78

Metabolic Pathway

Back 78

The transformation of one molecule into another, and then into another and another in sequence, is termed a metabolic pathway

Front 79

Difference between primary and secondary lysosome

Back 79

Primary lysosomes have low levels of protons, while secondary lysosomes have high levels of protons.

Front 80

Irreversible inhibition

Back 80

Irreversible inhibition refers to the inactivation of an enzyme by a tightly, typically covalent, bound inhibitor. The kinetics for irreversible inhibition do not follow competitive or non-competitive kinetics.

Front 81

carrier-mediated transport

Back 81

The transport of molecules or ions across a cell membrane by means of specific protein carriers. It includes both facilitated diffusion and active transport

Front 82

First law of thermodynamics

Back 82

states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed

Front 83

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 83

stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time

Front 84

Entropy

Back 84

Entropy is a measure of how organized or disorganized a system is

Front 85

Electron acceptor

Back 85

An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process.