Biology 110 Test 1

Front 1

1. List the themes in biological science,

Back 1

a. Evolution
b. Flow of Energy
c. Cooperation
d. Structure Determines Function
e. Homeostasis – Regulation of an internal environment from its own.

Front 2

2. What are the properties common to all life forms,

Back 2

a. Cellular Organization
b. Metabolism
c. Homeostasis
d. Reproduction
e. Heredity
f. Respond to Stimuli
g. Evolutionary adaptation

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3. What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes,

Back 3

a. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotes do.
b. All bacteria cells are prokaryotes. All cells except bacteria cells are Eukaryotes.
c. Prokaryotes have uniform cytoplasm that is not divided into interior compartments with no organelles. Eukaryotes have cells with organelles and membrane compartments for cell processes.

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4. Arrange levels of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex. (Hint: Biosphere is the highest) Know what happens in each section,

Back 4

a. Molecules
b. Organelles
c. Cells
d. Tissues
e. Organs
f. Organ Systems
g. Organisms
h. Populations
i. Species
j. Communities
k. Ecosystems
l. The Biosphere

Front 5

5. What are the 3 Domains? What is included in each,

Back 5

a. Domain Bacteria – Prokaryotes
b. Domain Archaea – Prokaryotes
c. Domain Eukarya – Eukaryotes

Front 6

6. What are the differences between discovery science and hypothesis based science,

Back 6

a. Discovery Science – Is the descriptive phase of science. It uses inductive reasoning (Scientists derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations). Example – Plants have cells, animals have cells, Fungi have cells so everything has cells. Descriptive phase of science.
b. Hypothesis Base Science – Involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses without the assumption of their truth Uses deductive reasoning. Example – If all things are made of cells and Fungi’s is living then it has cells.

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7. List the stages of the scientific process,

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a. Observation
b. Hypothesis
c. Prediction
d. Testing
e. Control
f. Conclusion

Front 8

Chromosome,

Back 8

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (A bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded).

Front 9

Histones,

Back 9

A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.

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Gene,

Back 10

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

Front 11

Somatic cell,

Back 11

Any cell in a multi-cellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.

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Homologous chromosomes,

Back 12

A pair of chromosomes of the same length, Centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother.

Front 13

Diploid cells,

Back 13

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes. (2n) one set inherited from each parent.

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Hapliod cells,

Back 14

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

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Chromatid (sister chromatid),

Back 15

The entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building block of chromosomes.

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Centromere,

Back 16

In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence).

Front 17

Cell cycle,

Back 17

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase (including G1, S, and G2 subphases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis).

Front 18

Mitosis,

Back 18

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: Prophase, pro-metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosomes number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.

Front 19

Meiosis,

Back 19

A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.

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Interphase,

Back 20

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.

Front 21

Mitotic spindle,

Back 21

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Front 22

Cytokinesis,

Back 22

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.

Front 23

Cleavage furrow,

Back 23

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

Front 24

Cell plate,

Back 24

A membrane – bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

Front 25

Gametes,

Back 25

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

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Zygote,

Back 26

The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

Front 27

Fertilization,

Back 27

(1) The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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Crossing over,

Back 28

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister Chromatids during prophase I of Mesiosis.

Front 29

Chiasma,

Back 29

The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous non-sister chromatids. Chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion.

Front 30

Independent assortment,

Back 30

Is the assortment of homologus chromosomes in meiosis. In metaphase I the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells.

Front 31

Synapsis,

Back 31

The pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I or meiosis.

Front 32

Reduction division,

Back 32

Chromosome homologues do not replicate between 2 nuclear divisions.

Front 33

9. Where does mitosis occur,

Back 33

a. Occurs in the nucleus of a cell.

Front 34

10. List the phases of the complex cell cycle. What happens in each phase,

Back 34

a. Interphase – During interphase, a cell that is about to divide grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division.
b. G1 phase of Interphase – Cell grows in G1 interphase
c. S phase of Interphase – DNA synthesis. Chromosomes are duplicated.
d. G2 phase of Interphase – The cell grows more as it completes preparations for cell division.
e. M (Miotic) phase – which includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
f. Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokenesis

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11. What are the phases of Mitosis? What happens in each phase,

Back 35

a. Prophase
i. Chromatin Condenses
ii. Necleoli disappear
iii. Mitotic spindle starts to form
iv. Centrosomes have moved away from one another.
b. Metaphase
i. Centrosomes are at the opposite ends of the sell
ii. Chromosomes on metaphase plate
iii. Kinetochore of each chromosome attached to kinetochore micro-tubles from opposite poles.
c. Anaphase
i. 2 sister chromatids part each now a single chromosome
ii. Kinetochore microtubles shorten
iii. Cell elongates
iv. Equal amount of chromosomes on each half
d. Telophase
i. 2 daughter nuclei begin to form
ii. Nuclear envelopes form from fragments of old
iii. Chromosomes become less condensed
iv. Division of the cytoplasm begins
e. Cytolinesis
i. Division of cells
ii. Cleavage furrow in animals forms
iii. Cell plate forms in plants

Front 36

12. What is the end result of mitosis,

Back 36

Two daughter cells are formed with the same DNA as the parent.

Front 37

13. Where does meiosis occur,

Back 37

a. In animals meiosis occurs only in the germ cells, which are in the ovaries and testes.

Front 38

14. What are the stages of the sex cell cycle? What happens in each stage?,

Back 38

a. Interphase – replication of chromosomes
b. Meiosis – Meiosis I is when homologous chromosomes separate. Meiosis II is when sister chromatids separate and form 4 haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes.
c. Fertilization – Produces the diploid zygote from the 2 haploid cells.

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15. What is the result of meiosis,

Back 39

a. Meiosis results in four daughter cells each with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

Front 40

16. What are 2 unique features of Meiosis,

Back 40

a. Synapsis – Joining of homologues for crossing over, keeps sister chromatids together in first nuclear division
b. Reduction division – Chromosome homologues do not replicate between 2 nuclear divisions.

Front 41

17. What are the differences between Meiosis and Mitosis,

Back 41

a. Meiosis
i. 2 nuclear divisions
ii. No DNA replication between them
iii. Result in 4 daughter cells (haploid), each genetically different from the parent and each other
iv. Crossing over in Prophase I
b. Mitosis
i. Single nuclear division after DNA replication
ii. Result in 2 daughter cells (each diploid) each genetically identical to the parent.

Front 42

18. The haploid (n) chromosome number for an organism with 2n= 40 is,

Back 42

20

Front 43

Dominant trait/allèle,

Back 43

An allèle that is fully expressed in the phénotype of a hétérozygote.

Front 44

Recessive trait/allèle,

Back 44

An allèle whose phénotype is not observed in a hétérozygote.

Front 45

Allele,

Back 45

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.

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Homozygous,

Back 46

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

Front 47

Heterozygous,

Back 47

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

Front 48

Phenotype,

Back 48

The observable physical and physiological traits of a organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.

Front 49

Genotype,

Back 49

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.

Front 50

Punnett Square,

Back 50

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.

Front 51

Test Cross,

Back 51

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.

Front 52

Mendel’s 1st Law:
Law of Segregation,

Back 52

States two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.

Front 53

Mendel’s 2nd Law:
Law of Independent Assortment,

Back 53

States that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.

Front 54

Monohybrid (cross),

Back 54

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed.

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P, F1, F2 generations,

Back 55

P – the true breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid off spring are derived.
F1 – The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental cross.
F2 – The offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

Front 56

Dihybrid (cross),

Back 56

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed.

Front 57

Epistasis,

Back 57

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotype expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. (it’s a modifier gene or stopping gene)

Front 58

Multiple alleles,

Back 58

Gene may have more than 2 alleles in a population. Often no single allele is dominant. Each allele has its own effect.

Front 59

Continuous variation,

Back 59

Variation of a spectrum. (Height or weight is plotted)

Front 60

Pleiotrophic alleles,

Back 60

Individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype.

Front 61

Complete dominance,

Back 61

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

Front 62

Co-dominance,

Back 62

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Front 63

Incomplete dominance,

Back 63

The situation in which the pheontype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.

Front 64

Polygenic inheritance,

Back 64

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.

Front 65

Sex-linked trait,

Back 65

A trait determined by a gene on the sex chromosome.

Front 66

Karyotype,

Back 66

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Front 67

Non-disjunction,

Back 67

An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.

Front 68

Mutations,

Back 68

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.

Front 69

Pedigrees,

Back 69

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.

Front 70

20. List the 4 kinds of nucleotides found in DNA,

Back 70

a. Adenine A
b. Guanine G
c. Cytosine C
d. Thymine T

Front 71

21. What are the 3 steps of DNA replication,

Back 71

a. Unwind DNA double helix by enzyme (helicase). Unwinds in segments
b. DNA polymerase reads each single strand and adds the correct complementary nucleotide up one strand and down the other.
c. DNA ligase – joins newly made segments of DNA together.

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22. What are the 3 enzymes active in DNA replication and how are they involved,

Back 72

a. Helicase
b. DNA Polymerase
c. DNA Ligase

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24. What are the 2 processes involved in making protein from DNA,

Back 73

Transcription and Translation

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25. What is the function of mRNA,

Back 74

Messenger that carries RNA info from the Nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Front 75

26. What are the differences between DNA and RNA,

Back 75

DNA has deoxyribose.
RNA ribose.
DNA is double stranded.
RNA single strand.
DNA has thymine.
RNA has Uracil.

Front 76

27. What is the end product of transcription,

Back 76

MRNA

Front 77

28. What enzyme (protein) is involved in transcription,

Back 77

RNA polymerase

Front 78

29. How many different 3-letter codons are possible in the Genetic Code dictionary? Who uses this dictionary,

Back 78

64 different codon’s and it’s the same genetic code used by all living things (all living things use this dictionary).

Front 79

30. Where does translation occur,

Back 79

In the cytoplasm of a cell.

Front 80

What is the function of tRNA,

Back 80

Bring amino acids to the ribosome to use in making proteins.

Front 81

What are the 3 binding sites inside the ribosome,

Back 81

A, P, E binding sites

Front 82

31. Where does DNA synthesis occur in the cell cycle,

Back 82

Nucleus

Front 83

32. A sequence of bases in one strand of a DNA molecule is ACTTGCCTAGGTCTGAAT. The corresponding strand of the DNA molecule will have the sequence,

Back 83

TGGCGGATCCAGACTTA

Front 84

33. The RNA sequence that would correspond to the DNA sequence in the question above would be (ACTTGCCTAGGTCTGAAT),

Back 84

UGGCGGAUCCAGACUUA