Biology 110 Final

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Non-living: Referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment

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Abiotic

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Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots

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Apical Meristem

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Any of the world's major ecosystems, often classified according to to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment

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Biome

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A hallow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals

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Blastula

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An informal name name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants

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Bryophyte

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A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

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Chitin

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All the organisms that inhabit a particular area

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Community

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Dead organic matter

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Detritus

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Natural Selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

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Directional Selection

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A lake that has a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling

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Eutrophic Lake

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In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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Gametophyte

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In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula

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Gastrulation

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A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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Genetic Drift

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The condition describing a non-evolving population

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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One of many connected connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus

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Hypha

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A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit

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Mutualism

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The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus

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Mycelium

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A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

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Mychorrizae

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A nutrient-poor, clear lake with few phytoplankton

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Oligotrophic Lake

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The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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Phylogeny

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A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees and large herbivores and maintained by occasional fires and drought

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Savanna

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In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes

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Sporophyte

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The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host

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Symbiont

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Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

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Xylem

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The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling

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Trophic Structure

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A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis

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Aquaporin

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The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; third stage of cellular respiration

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

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The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate catabolism

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

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A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed b the reaction

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Catalyst

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A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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Nucleoid

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The reactant on which an enzyme works

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Substrate

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The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

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Cohesion

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The specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

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Active Site

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A macromolecule serving as a catalyst

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Enzyme

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An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom

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Chemical Bond

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A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction

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Macromolecule

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The semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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Cytosol

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Having an affinity for water

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Hydrophilic

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One of a group of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all with water

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Lipids

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A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in the muscle and other kinds of cells

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Actin

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Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane

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Endocytosis

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A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule

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Polar Molecule

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A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP

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Aerobic Resiration

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A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

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Electron Transport Chain

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The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient

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Active Transport

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The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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Electronegativity

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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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Osmosis

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A substance that is dissolved in a solution

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Solute

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A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction

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Condensation Reaction

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An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes

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Parental Type

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The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II

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Cytokinesis

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A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

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Pedigree

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Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together

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Linked genes

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Having two different alleles for a given gene

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Heterozygous

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Having two identical alleles for a given gene

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Homozygous

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Any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

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Allele

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An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

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Recessive Allele

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The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nosister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis

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Crossing Over

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An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

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Dominant Allele

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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent

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Diploid Cell

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A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5 3 direction away from the replication fork

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Lagging Strand

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An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest

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Monohybrid

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Site where the replication of DNA molecule beings, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

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Origin of Replication

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The genetic make up or set of alleles of an organism

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Genotype

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Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg

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Somatic Cell

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The physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up

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Phenotype

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A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

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Anticodon

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In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, with one normal allele and one recessive allele

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Carrier

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An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3 end of an existing chain

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DNA Polymerase

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An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest

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Dihybrid

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The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

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Metastasis