Biology 110: Chapter 14

Front 1

scientists mate two parrots from different populations to see if speciation has occured. the parrots mate over and over again but the male sperm never fertilizes the female egg. what type of barrier is this

Back 1

gametic isolation which is prezygotic barrier

Front 2

two lizards mate and produce a viable zygote. individuals in the next generation are sterile. what type of barier is this

Back 2

hybrid infertility which is postzygotic barrier

Front 3

one plant opens its flowers during the day, whereas a nearby plant only opens its flowers at night. what type of barrier is this

Back 3

temporal isolation which is prezygotic barrier

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process that has occured in sichlid species is

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sympatric speciation

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extinctions occur when

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no member of a species has the alleles neccessary to survive and reproduce when conditions change

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Carrolus Lineaus

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defined species by appearance

and created anaming scheme for species

the genus and species

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genus

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is broader classification

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term

Back 8

is species

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biological species concept

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defines species based on their potenital to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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defines species based on their potenital to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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biological species concept

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speciation

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the formation of new species

occurs when some individuals can no longer interbreed with the rest of the group

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this occurs when some individuals can no longer interbreed with the rest of the group

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specieation

Front 13

the biological species concept cannot be applied to

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extinct organisms

Front 14

the difference between the biological species concept and linnaeus definnition of the term species

Back 14

linneaus= defined by appeareance

biological species concept= defnies by potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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reproductive barriers cause

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speciation

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the potential to interbreed defines

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species due to the biological species concept

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reproductive isolation results in

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new species

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prezygotic reproductive barrier

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occur before the formation of the zygot, or fertilized egg

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these barriers occur before the formation of the zygot, or fertilized egg

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prezygotic reproductive barriers

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this prevents fertilization

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prezygotic reprdocutive barriers

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types of prezygotic reproductive isolations

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habitat isoation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

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when in different enviornments this prezygotic isolation is

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habitat isolation

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when fertile or active at different times this prezgotic isolation is

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temporal isolation

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when have differnt courship activities this prezygotic isolation is

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behavioral isolation

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when mating organs or polinators are incompatible this prezygotic isolation is

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mechanical isolation

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when gametes cannot unite, this prezygotic isolation is

Back 26

gametic isolation

Front 27

lady bugs feeding on differnt plants is an example of this prezgotic isolation

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habitat isolation

Front 28

animals maturing at different rates is an example of this prezygotic isolation

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temporal isolation

Front 29

animal mating calls differ is an example of this prezygotic isolation

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behavioral isolation

Front 30

species uses different pollinators is an example of this prezygotic isolation

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mechanical isolation

Front 31

species gametes are incompatible is an example of this prezygotic isolation

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gametic isolation

Front 32

prezygotic reprodcutive barriers prevent

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fertilization

or the development of fertile offspring

Front 33

postzygotic reproductive barriers

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reduce the fitness of offspring produced by members of two different species

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___________ reduce the fitness of offspring produced by members of two different species

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postzygotic reproductive barriers

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types of postzygotic reproductive barriers

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hybrid inviability

hybrid infertility (sterility)

hybrid breakdwon

Front 36

hybrid offspring fail to reach maturity is this type of postzygotic reproductive barrier

Back 36

hybrid inviability

Front 37

hybrid offspring unable to reproduce is this type of postzygotic reproductive barrier

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hybrid inferitility (sterility)

Front 38

second generation hybrid offspring have reduced fitness is this type of postzygotic reproductive barriers

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hybrid breakdown

Front 39

hybrid species are not viable is an example of this type of postzygotic reproductive barrier

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hybrid inviability

Front 40

lion tiger cross, ligor, is invertile is an example of this type of postzygotic reproductive barrier

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hybrid infertility

Front 41

offspring of hybrid species have abnormal genitalia is an example of this postzygotic reproductive barrier

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hybrid breakdown

Front 42

a cross between a horse and a donkey producing a infertile mule is an example of

Back 42

postyzygotic reproductive barrier hybrid infertility

Front 43

how do reprodcutive barriers lead to speciation

Back 43

because reproductive barriers change the potential of species to interbreed, which is the definition of species

Front 44

spatial patterns define

Back 44

two types of speciation

Front 45

reproductive barriers arise in two ways, depending on

Back 45

spatial patterns

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the two ways reproductive barriers arise which depend on spatial patterns

Back 46

1. allopatric speciation

2. sympatric speciation

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the two types of speciation that spatial patterns define

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1. allopatric speciation2. sympatric speciation

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allopatric speciation

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no contact between populations

Front 49

in _________ there is no contact between populations

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allopatric speciation

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sympatric speciation

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continuous contact between populations

Front 51

in ______ there is continuous contact between populations

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sympatric speciation

Front 52

in this speciation a barrier physcially seperates a population into two groups that cannot interbreed

-with no gene transfer, each population proceeds down its own evolutionary line

-eventally, genetic differences between the populations give rise to one or more reproductive barriers

Back 52

allopatric speciation

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allopatric speciation

Back 53

in this speciation a barrier physcially seperates a population into two groups that cannot interbreed-with no gene transfer, each population proceeds down its own evolutionary line-eventally, genetic differences between the populations give rise to one or more reproductive barriers

Front 54

species dividing into subspecies due to differnt locations is an example of

Back 54

allopatric speciation

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in this speciation, populations diverge genetically while sharing a habitat

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sympatric speciation

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sympatric speciation

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in this speciation, populations diverge genetically while sharing a habitat

Front 57

in sympatric speciation

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species will specialize in a micro environment, leading ot reproductive isolation and speciation

Front 58

sympatric speciation also occurs when

Back 58

gametes unite to form polyploid offspring with more chromosomes than either plant

Front 59

when offspring has more chromosomes than either parent it is

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polyploid

-sympatric speciation is what allows this to occur

Front 60

a polyploid organism might form when

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gametes from two species unite,producing the first cell of a new species

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when gametes from two species unite,producing the first cell of a new species

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a polyploid organism might form

Front 62

allopatric vs sympatric speciation

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allopatric is when there is a physcial barrier betwen two species, so reproductive barriers arise (ex. land bridge between north and south america)

sympatric is when species live in same habitat but still diverge, leading to reproductive isolation and speciation(ex. fish in a lake that have unique micro environments)

Front 63

pace of speciation

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fossil record support two phyotheses about the pace of evolution/ speication

1. gradualism

2. punctuated equilibrium

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fossil record support two phyotheses about the pace of evolution/ speication

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1. gradualism

2. punctuated equilibrium

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gradualism

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suggests that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many genreations

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this suggests that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many genreations

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gradualism

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punctuated equilibrium

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suggest that long periods of little change are interrupted by bouts of rapid change

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this suggest that long periods of little change are interrupted by bouts of rapid change

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punctuated equilibrium

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evolution might occur quickly when a

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key adaptation arises

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first flowering plants diversified quickly as

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flowers provided a new option for reproduction

- this is an example of punctuated equilibrium

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key adaptations are apart of

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punctuated equilibrium

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mass extinctions are apart of

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punctuated equilibrium

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evolution might also occur quickly

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following a mass extinction

- the surviving organisms exploit new resources in the changed environment

Front 74

mass extinctions cause organisms to

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exploid new resources in the changed enviornment

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things that speed up evolution that are apart of punctuated equilibrium

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key adaptations and mass extinctions

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a species is extinct when

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all of its members have died

Front 77

most extinctions occur as part of the

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background extinction rate

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background extinction rate

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the pace at which species go extinct to gradually changing environments

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the pace at which species go extinct due to gradually changing environments

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background extinction rate

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base of extinction rate graph is

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background extinction rate

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there has been _ mass extinctions in the last 600 million years on earth

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5

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the peaks of the extinction rate are

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mass extinctions

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during mass extincitons

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many species went extinct in a short time

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impact theory

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suggests that meteorites or comets caused some mass extincitons

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this theory of mass extinctions suggest that meteorites or comets caused some mass extincitons

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impact theory

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the impact theory

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meteorites or commets caused some mass extincitons

- the debris suspended in the atmospere after a collison dramatically changed the environment, leading to the extinciton of many species

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this thoery suggests that the debris suspended in the atmosphere after a collision dramatically changed the environment, leading to the extinciton of many species

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impact theory

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layers of ___ in rock layers are common in meteorites

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iridium

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plate tectonics also might explain

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mass extinctions

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humans are changing so much of the biosphere that we may be experiencing a

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6th mass extinction

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thoerys of what causes mass extinctions

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impact theory

and

plate tectonics

Front 92

background extinction vs mass extinctions

Back 92

background extinctions are what most extinctions occur as, which is the pace at which species go extinct due to gradually changing environments

mass extinctions are what the 5 mass extinctions have occured and is where many species went extinct in a short time

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climate change in one region does

Back 93

not cause extinction of plant species as we do not know if the plant species is in other regions where it is thriving

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biological classification systems are based on

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common descent

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taxonomy

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the science of describing, naming, and classifying species

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the science of describing, naming, and classifying species

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taxonomy

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taxonomic group from broadest to most specific

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domain, kingdom, phlum, class, order, family, genus, species

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the taxonomic hierarchy

Back 98

top-

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

bottom-

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phylogenetics

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the study of evolutionary relationships among species

Front 100

the study of evolutionary relationships among species

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phylogenetics

Front 101

phylogenetic trees depict

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evlutionary relationships based on descent form common ancestors

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these depict evolutionary relationships based on descent form common ancestors

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phlyogenetic tress

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how to identify common ancestor in phylogenetic tree

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the points where they meet and what species that common ancestor is to

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cladogram is a

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type of phylogenetic tree

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a type of phylogenetic tree is a

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cladogram

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a clade

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is a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descents

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a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descents

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a clade

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a clade

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captures only one common ancestor and all its descendents

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these are groups of oragnisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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tracing taxa back to their common ancestor reveals

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evolutionary relatedness

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B

Front 112

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notice last common ancestor at end or most recent

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node

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common ancestor

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protista is ____ single clad

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not , because not all descendants from a common ancestor are included in the group

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Polyploid