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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gram positive
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single carbohydrate layer
reacts with crystal violent dye (purple) |
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Gram negative
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double carb layer
reacts with safranine, red |
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phototropic autotroph
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uses light to make food (blue-green algae)
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chemotrophic autotroph
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archae (H2S)
extremophiles use chemicals |
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chemotrophic heterotroph
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eat from outside (us)
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phototrophic heterotroph
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eats + photosynthesizes
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Oligate anerobate
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flees from oxygen
Archaea, extremophiles |
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facultative aneorbate
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can work in the presense of O2 but prefer not to
- chemosynthesis (making energy with chemicals) |
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cyanobacteria
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(blue- green algae) takes in chlorophyl, produces oxygen gas
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gram staining lab order
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-culture
- cystal violet - iodine - decolorizer - counterstain, fuchsin |
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How much smaller than bacteria are viruses?
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10^2-10^3 times smaller
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Are viruses common?
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Yes
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Lysogenic cycle
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- Virus attacks cell
- Inserts DNA/RNA into chromosomes - goes dormant for up to seven years- "mole" - environmental trigger activates virus --> either Lytic cycle or cancer- tumors |
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What diseases do bacteria cause?
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pneumonia, samonella, meningitis, black plague, flesh-eating disease, anthrax, gonnorea
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Where do we find bacteria?
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Every part of our body
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About __ % of bacteria is actually deadly to humans
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1
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Bacterium: "Clostridium botulinum"
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6 million times more deadly than rattlesnake venom
causes botulism |
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"Lactobaciullus sanfrancisco"
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used to produce sourdough bread
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Who discovered penicillan?
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Alexander Fleming
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What is a plasmid?
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a bacteria that holds information helping them to adapt to new environments/ small circular peice of DNA
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List uses of bacteria
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antibiotics like penicillium, given to animals for growth, to solve ulcers, sprayed on fruit and veggies, purifying cyanide solutions at refining companies
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Diseases caused by viruses
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polio, HIV, hemmoragic fever, common cold/rhino virus
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Virus means what in Latin
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poison
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What is a Capsid and what is its function?
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a capsid surrounds genetic material, proten coat, made of capsomeres
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Why do some people believe that viruses aren't living things?
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- they don't reproduce by themselves
- they're less than a single cell - no specialized structure - some only have RNA |
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What does the term 'lysis' mean?
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Rupturing of a cell wall- creation of viruses "birth"
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What happens during lysis?
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Bacteria phages break out and it kills the cell
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What is endocytosis?
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When a virus enters the cell whole (as opposed to only injecting genetic material)
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What is 'Budding'?
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When a virus doesn't damage the cell. Instead it leaves, taking a peice of the cell wall over it.
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What strategies do viruses use to survive inside the body? (4)
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- Avoid detection - looks like immune system
- Parasitism- host gives the virus everything - Don't have to generate energy- reproduction is efficient - Mutation- small change can make them indetectable |
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What is lysogeny?
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Viral DNA may be incorporated into a host cells DNA
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What advantages or disadvantages does the virus gain from lysogeny?
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Every time the cell splits, a new copy of the DNA is made.
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What is an antigen?
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A unique chemical/ marker (ID tag); all cells have these
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What is an antibody?
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Markers that tell an immune system what doesn't belong.
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What is a retrovirus?
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They have two strands of RNA and reverse transciptase to form DNA so they can hide in chromosomes.
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What have we gained from viruses? (4)
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- helps us understand genes
- learned about immune systems - challenges what life really is - helps us make vaccines |
