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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwin's Theory
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Natural Selection (aquired characteristics not genes)
fathers ears, mothers ears led to Evolution |
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Aristotle
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Classification of living things
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Linnaeus
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Binomial Nomenclature
(two-name naming system) |
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Cuvier
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Established extinction as a fact
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Hutton
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Explained earth's rock structures through geological time
(gradualism) |
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Lyell
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Uniformitarism
- Earth is shaped by slow moving forces |
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Lamark
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Evolution with aquired characteristics through use and disuse
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Double Ring Nitrogen Bases
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Adenine & Guanine (Purines)
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Single ring:
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Cytosine & Thymine (pyrimidine)
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DNA consists of ___+ ___ + ____
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Sugar+Nitrogenous base + Phosphate
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Nucleoside
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Sugar + Nitrogenous base
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Nucleotide
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Sugar+Nitrogenous Base + Phosphate
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Nitrogenous bases are bound by
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hydrogen bonds
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Double Helix composed of (outer DNA)
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sugar & phosphate
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Genetics
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how human characteristics are inherited
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Genes
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segment of DNA on a chromosome
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Chromosome
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packets of genes
humans have 23 pairs |
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Alleles
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variation of the same genes leg
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Gene pool
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collective group of alleles
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Homologous pairs:
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same length, banding pattern, centromere same location.
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Populations |
sexually reproducing members of the same species interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
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RNA
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is a copy of DNA but a single strand
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DNA is unable to
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leave the nucleus
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RNA can
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leave the nucles
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Causes of change in a gene pool (5)
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- mutations
- genetic drift - gene flow - non-random mating - natural selection |
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Random assortment
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number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort (2n), n = haploid number (humans = 2^23)
over 8 million possibilities |
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Base subunit mutation:
definition |
one base is substituted by another
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Base subunit mutation:
Silent Mutation |
"U" instead of "C".
no affect on amino acid sequence |
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Base subunit mutation:
Missense mutation |
"A" instead of non-interchangeable nitrogenous base can cause altered protein function
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Base subunit mutation:
Nonsense mutation |
mutation early in the chain prematurity stops and is only a fragment of the protein.
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Base insertions & deletions:
Frameshift missense |
one nitrogen base missing
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Base insertions & deletions:
Frameshift with immediate nonsense |
A nitrogenous base is randomly inserted
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Base insertions & deletions:
Insertion/deletion of 3 nucleotides |
a group of 3 nucleotides are deleted or randomly inserted.
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Natural Selection:
Directional |
Favors one extreme.
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Natural Selection:
Stabilization |
selection against both extremes
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Natural Selection:
Disruptive |
Favors both extremes
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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Frequencies of alleles in genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation
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Evidence of common ancestry/evolution (5)
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1) homologous
2)Vestigial structure 3)Analogous structure 4)Directional Selection 5)Coevolution |
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Homologous:
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Homologous: Same structure for different use.
eg. bone structure in human arm, bird wing and elephant arm are the same. |
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Vestigial structure:
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parts on/in body that are there but do not function
eg. humans have tail bones, whale |
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Analogous structure:
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different structures with the same functions
eg. bird wings have bones, insect wings do not |
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Directional Selection:
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passing on a gene to survive
eg. toxic newts stay and become more toxic to counter it's prey who is becoming more resistant to the toxin (arms race) |
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Coevolution
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interactions between species that drive the to evolve based on the other one (mainly predator and prey)
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Speciation
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the process whereby new species arise
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Allopatric speciation:
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a gene flow between 2+ populations is interrupted by a physical or geographic barrier
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Sympatric speciation
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gene flow between 2 populations are interrupted through mechanisms other that being seperated
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Microevolution
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is the adaptations and changes within a species
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macroevolution
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the addition of new traits or a transition to a new species
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speciation event: either allopatric or sympatric ancestor
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sympatric ancestor becomes either species A or species B
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Polyploidy
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presence of extra chromosomes
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Gradualism
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evolution by gradual accumulation of adaptive characteristics
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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species that suddenly appear and remain unchanged
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Reproductive Isolation
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barriers that impeded two species from producing viable, fertile offspring
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Pre-zygotic
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mechanisms that prevent repoduction (before sex)
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Post-zygotic
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mechanisms that prevent the formation of viable offspring
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Pre-zygotic (5)
Reproductive isolation |
geographical isolation
ecological isolation temporal isolation behavioural isolation mechanical incompatibility |
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geographical isolation
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seperation by physical barrier/geography
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ecological isolation
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different habitat
eg water/land |
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temporal isolation
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different mating times
eg. summer/winter |
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behavioural isolation
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courtship behaviour
eg. dance, song, plumage |
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mechanical incompatibility
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physically unable to mate with eachother
eg. horse/cat |
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post- zygote (3)
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hybrid sterility
hybrid invariability hybrid breakdown |
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hybrid sterility
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offspring is produced but sterile
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hybrid invariability
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egg is fertalized but dies and is aborted
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hybrid breakdown
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viable offspring for only 1 or 2 generations
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Phylogeny
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evolutionary history of a species
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Systematics
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classifies evolutionary relationships
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Taxonomy
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ordered division and naming
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3 domains of life
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Archaea
Bacteria Eukarya |
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Archaea & Bacteria 5
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prokaryotic cells
lack of nuclear membrane DNA floats in cytoplasm Unicellular lack membrane bound organelles |
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Eukarya 3
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nuclear membrane
uni/multicellular membrane bound organelles |
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Phylogenetic tree represents
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- a hypothesis
ancestor ---node --- either taxon A or taxon B |
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phylogeny based on:
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homology - similiar ancestry
analogy- similiar evolution |
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Clade
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a grouping of common ancestory
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Viruses: 3
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acellular
neither living or non living nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) |
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Capsid layer:
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surrounding nucleic acid viral envelope, found in animal viruses - layer around capsid
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Capsomere
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protein subunits
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phage
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viruses that infect bacteria
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bacteriophage
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dna/rna +head+enzymes+neck+tail+tail fibers
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obligate
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only able to exist in certain environments
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Lysogenic Cycle
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Temperate Phage
1 Attatchment 2 Penetration 3 Bacteria Reproduction (prophage is copied) 4 Synthesis (rarely) 5 Cell lyses |
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Lytic Cycle
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Virulent Cells
1 attachment 2 penetration 3 replication 4 assembly 5 release (cell lyses) |
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Bacteria are
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eubacteria
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Format Genus and Species when
typed and written |
Genus: starts with a capital letter
species: always lower case underline when writing italized when typing |
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Mathus
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came up with population graphs
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Bacteria Shapes (3)
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Sphere - coccus, dicocci, streptococci, staphylococci
Rod - baccilus, diplobaccili, streptobacci Helical - spirrilum |
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Cell membrane:
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phospholipid & protein
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Cells that prevent lysis:
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Gram +
Gram - |
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Gram +
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peptidoglycan (sugar + protein)
takes in stain (thick) |
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Gram -
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lipopolysaccaride (fat+sugar)
lipoproteins :D thin, no stain |
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Transduction:
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DNA transfer from a virus
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Transformation
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takeup of DNA through surrounding medium
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photoautotrough
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energy from sun, carbon from atmosphere
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photoheterotroph
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energy from sun, carbon from other organisms
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chemoautotroph
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carbon from surroudings, energy from chemical sources
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chemoheterotroph
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consume other organisms for energy & nutrient (decomposer)
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Good Bacteria do these things!
(6) |
Mining - bacteria eats compounds, leaves purified metal
Nitrogen fixation - bacteria converts NO2- to NO3 Sewage - breaks down human waste "Colon" -- found in intestine, breaks down food and produces vitamin K Food - yogurt, cheese, alcohol Medical - antibiotics |
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All viruses are
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pathogens (cause illness)
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1st line of defence
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(outside the body)
- skin, nose hairs, mucus, sweat, stomach acid, tears |
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2nd line of defence
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(circulatory system)
microphage (white blood cells) engulf foreign microorganism |
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3rd line of defence
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lymphocytes (manufactures antibodies)
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Protista
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is a diverse kingdom that are neither animal, plant or fungus. All the cast-outs.
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Eukaryote
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membrane bound organelles and nucleus most are unicellular
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Haplontic cycle
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Protozans -->heterotroph, Algae --> autotrough, slime molds --> release digestive enzymes
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Pseudopod
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false feet
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Phagocytosis
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form food vacule
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Cilia
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hair for transportation
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holozoic
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engulf food
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saprotrophic
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absorb nutrients from dead/decaying matter
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binary fission
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reproduce asexually
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conjugation
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reproduce sexually
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6CO2+ 6H20 --> C6H1206 + 602
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Photosynthesis
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In energy pyramids only ___ energy is kept when passing on to other "levels"
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10%
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Symbiotic Relationships (3)
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Mutualism + +
Commenalism + / Parasitism + - |
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Competition (2)
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Intraspecific: between the same group.
Interspecific: between different species |
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Niche:
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role in the ecosystem. Things they do to survive and reproduce
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Three types of population graphs
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Arithmatic (linear)
Exponential (J-shaped) Natural Population (S shaped) |
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Carrying capacity
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dotted line above graph which cuts it off
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Density Independant Factors:
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factors caused by the Earth that greatly reduce numbers
Eg: floods, fires, earthquakes |
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Density dependent factors
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factors that occur depending on overpopulation
eg, food, shortage, disease |
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Predator/Prey Cycle
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Rise = the boom
Fall = the bust |
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Primary Succession
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happens over centuries
pioneer plant - no soil present. lichen - herb - grass - ferns - shrubs - trees to a CLIMAX COMMUNITY |
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Secondary succession
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happens over decades
After a disturbance (flood, fire) soil is present. pioneer - intermediate - climax community |
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How soil is created
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lichens breakdown rock into sand, which allows moss to grow
--> build up of nutrients to allow other plant growth |
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Moss Characteristics (8)
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pioneer plants
lacks vascular system lack roots have rhizomes gametophyte generation dominant water required for reproduction sperms are flagellated seedless and nonvascular |
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Xylem
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transports water and nutrients to stems and leaves
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Phloem
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transports sugars from leaves to ground
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what type of tissue do ferns have
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vascular tissue + seedless
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gymnosperms (3)
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vascular + seeds
roots (xylem, phloem) stomata (pores) |
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Sporophylls
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scales on cone
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Pollen:
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Pollen:
2 air sacs 2 polar nuclei |
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Sporangium
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located within sporophyll
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Spores are produced by the
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sporangia
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Male cones
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found at bottom of tree
in clusters microsporophyll |
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Female cones
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top of tree
individual cone megasporophyll |
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Angiosperm
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Flower
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pistol
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cluster of carpels
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female gametophyte of angiosperms
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embryo sac
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megaspores
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produced in the ovule
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Fruit (2) female
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ovary becomes fruit
ovule becomes seed |
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Anther
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makes male gametophyte
Process: one sperm fuses with egg, one fuses with polar nuclei (3n) |
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Cotyledon
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food source
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Ectoderm
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outerlayer.
forms: mouth and anus "ectoblast" |
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Mesoderm:
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middle layer.
forms: skeleton, skin, heart+muscles, blood |
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Endoderm:
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inner layer
forms: organs "hypoblast" |
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Coelum
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fluid filled cavity that allows organ space
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Pseudocoelomate
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partial fluid filled cavity, organs are not well organized
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Acoelomates
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structure that's solid throughout
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coelomate
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body cavity lined with m-something allows for evolution
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Protosomes
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developes a "blastopore" that becomes a mouth
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Deuterosomes
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develops a "blastopore" that becomes a mouth and anus
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Phylum Porifera 2
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no symmetry
flagellated cells drive water current. |
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Phylum Cnidaria 4
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radial
no complex organs nematocysts (stingers) tentacles |
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Phylum Mollusca 4
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tissue, organs
mantle cavity (gills) radula (spiny tongue and squid) bivalves + cephalopods |
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Phylum Annelida 2
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Earthworm, leech
closed circulatory system |
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Phylum platyhelminthes
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flatworms, tapeworms
parasites |
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Phylum Nematoda 3
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roundworms, hookworm
live in soil animal parasite |
