Biology 11 Unit 1

Front 1

How do fungi reproduce?

Back 1

Back (Definition)

Front 2

Ecosystem

Back 2

Living in Air, earth, or water.

Communities of living and non living things interacting.

Front 3

Community

Back 3

Animals and plants that live in one place

Front 4

Population

Back 4

One specific species

Front 5

What are the two types of cells

Back 5

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotes

Front 6

Prokaryotic

Back 6

smaller, simpler.

Does not have a membrane-bound nucleus.

Includes all bacterial cells.

Front 7

Eukaryotes

Back 7

Larger, complex cell.

Have a Membrane-bound nucleus.

Plants, animals, fungi, and protist cells.

Front 8

What are the 3 domains

Back 8

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 9

What are the 6 kingdoms

Back 9

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Front 10

Animalia kingdom

Back 10

Multicellular, Eukaryotic

Largest kingdom.

Front 11

Plantae

Back 11

Multicellular, eukaryotic.

Flowering plants, mosses, and ferns

Front 12

Protista

Back 12

Eukaryotic, Unicellular, and Multicellular.

Slime, molds, algae.

All microscopic organisms.

Front 13

Fungi

Back 13

Multicellular, Eukaryotic.

Mushroom, mold, mildew.

Can’t make their own food so they aren’t plants.

Get food from dead plant parts.

Front 14

Eubacteria

Back 14

Unicellular, Prokaryotic.

Helpful, produce vitamins.

Front 15

Archaebacteria

Back 15

Unicellular, Prokaryotic.

Found in extreme environments (boiling water, acid, thermal vents, volcanoes)

Ancient bacteria.

Front 16

Species

Back 16

Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Front 17

What is the 2 name system called

Back 17

Binomial nomenclature

Front 18

What are the two parts of naming a species

Back 18

Genus name, and species name

Front 19

Taxonomy

Back 19

Science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups

Front 20

Systematics

Back 20

The study of biodiversity and the relationships among organisms.

Front 21

What are the 7 taxonomic levels

Back 21

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 22

What are the 7 taxonomic levels

Back 22

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 23

Phylogeny

Back 23

Reconstruction of evolutionary relationships in a “family tree”

Front 24

Formula for specimen size

Back 24

SS = Field view / # of specimens that will fit across your FV

Front 25

Diagram magnification formula

Back 25

DM = size of drawing (mm) / Specimen size (mm)

Front 26

GRAMMIC

Back 26

G - growth and development

R - reproduction

A - adapt through evolution

M - metabolism

M - movement

I - irritability (responds to stimuli)

C - composed of cells

Front 27

virus

Back 27

Small, non-living particles that consist of genetic material surrounded by a capsid

Has either DNA or RNA but never both

Front 28

3 types of viruses

Back 28

Baterial : bacteriophage, animal, plant : viroid

Front 29

Viroids

Back 29

Affect the growth and coloration of plant parts (ex. Leaves, petals)

Strands or circles of RNA

No capsid.

Front 30

Animal viruses - host range

Back 30

1) carrier hosts : virus reproduces but will not harm the host

2) prey hosts : viral reproduction is lethal to the host

Front 31

The Lytic Cycle

Back 31

1) Binding : virus binds or sticks to the surface of host cell.

2) Synthesis : viral genetic materials are released into the nucleus of the host cell to be replicated.

3) Assembly : viral DNA/RNA instructs the cell to make and assemble new viral DNA and capsids

4) Lysis : host cell bursts, the new viruses leave to infect other cells.

Front 32

The Lytic Cycle

Back 32

1) Binding : virus binds or sticks to the surface of host cell.

2) Synthesis : viral genetic materials are released into the nucleus of the host cell to be replicated.

3) Assembly : viral DNA/RNA instructs the cell to make and assemble new viral DNA and capsids

4) Lysis : host cell bursts, the new viruses leave to infect other cells.

Front 33

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 33

Viral DNA is dormant in cell and carried through many generations.

Steps.

1) Binding and Attachment

2) DNA/RNA of virus integrated into cell’s DNA but remain inactive

3) Replicated with host DNA and passed onto daughter cells.

4) Dormant stage is called lysogeny.

5) Cycle continues until a trigger happens and the virus can become active or enter the lytic cycle

Triggers include: sun, stress, chemicals, radiation etc.

Front 34

Kingdom Archaebacteria characteristics and 3 phyla

Back 34

- oldest of all organisms on earth

3 phyla: anaerobic methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles.

Anaerobic methanogens: live in the gut of animals, produce methane gas on earth

Halophiles: salt loving bacteria

Thermophiles: heat loving bacteria

Archaebacteria can survive in hot, acidic, and salty environments.

Front 35

Kingdom Eubacteria Characteristics

Back 35

•unicellular

•prokaryotes

•single chromosome forms a loop called a plasmid

•flagella for transportation

Front 36

Kingdom Eubacteria Characteristics

Back 36

•unicellular

•prokaryotes

•single chromosome forms a loop called a plasmid

•flagella for transportation

Front 37

3 basic shapes for bacteria and the 4 prefixes

Back 37

1) coccus = round [think coccus has an “o” in it]

2) bacillus = rod [think cill=pill]

3) sprillum = spiral

Prefixes

mono = one

diplo = two

strepto = chain

staphylo = clump [like grapes]

Front 38

bacterial reproduction : binary fission

Back 38

•asexual reproduction

•grow at an exponential rate when given the right amount of nutrients.

step 1) chromosomes duplicate and copies get separated.

step 2) cell elongates and copies of chromosomes move towards poles.

step 3) cell divides into two daughter cells

Front 39

bacterial reproduction : conjugation

Back 39

step 1) donor cell makes contact with recipient cell

step 2) conjugation tube forms at site of contact, bridging the 2 cells

step 3) single stranded DNA of the plasmid gets transferred into the recipient cell

step 4) conjugation tube disconnects

Front 40

name some helpful bacteria

Back 40

Back (Definition)

Front 41

name some non-helpful bacteria

Back 41

Back (Definition)

Front 42

who created penicillin, what is it, and what does it do?

Back 42

•alexander fleming in 1930s

•mold juice used to kill bacteria

Front 43

who created penicillin, what is it, and what does it do?

Back 43

•alexander fleming in 1930s

•mold juice used to kill bacteria

Front 44

What are fungi cell walls made from?

Back 44

Chitin

Front 45

Autotroph, heterotroph, and mixotroph

Back 45

Autotroph : produce their own food

Heterotroph : depend on other organisms for nutrients

Mixotroph : both

Front 46

Evolutionary milestones of animals order

Back 46

1. Base definition (heterotroph, diploid, multicellular, develop from zygote)

2. Presence of Radial symmetry (symmetrical all around)

3. Development of bilateral symmetry

4. Development of germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

5. Development of body cavity (coelom) to surround and contain internal organs

6. Protostome development

7. Segmentation

8. Jointed appendages

9. Deuterostome development

10. Development of large dorsal nerve cord

11. Backbone