Biology 106 Exam 2

Front 1

What are cpelomate, bilateral animals?

Back 1

chordates

Front 2

what are the 4 distinctive features of the chordates?

Back 2

notochord, dorsal (tubular) nerve cord, pharynx with gill slits and a post anul tail

Front 3

what are the 2 invertebrate chordates?

Back 3

tunicates and sea squirts

Front 4

the tunicate and sea squirts larval stage resembles what?

Back 4

a tadpole

Front 5

What is an adult tunicate/sea squirt?

Back 5

a sessile filter feeder

Front 6

what are small fishlike animals?

Back 6

lancelets

Front 7

where do lancelets stay and how do they eat?

Back 7

they lie buried in the sand and they are filter feeders

Front 8

what is a craniates?

Back 8

the early fishes

Front 9

what did early fishes look like?

Back 9

armored/plated jawless fishes

Front 10

what are the only 2 jawless fishes that exist today?

Back 10

lampreys and hagfish

Front 11

what are the 7 ajor vertebrate groups?

Back 11

jawless fishes, cartlagiounous fish, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Front 12

what makes for easy movement through a dense medium?

Back 12

a stremalined body

Front 13

what do the fish scales provide?

Back 13

protection without much weight

Front 14

what does the swim bladder do?

Back 14

provide buoyancy

Front 15

what are the gills of a fish for?

Back 15

gas exchange

Front 16

what 4 fishes are included whithin cartilaginous fishes?

Back 16

sharks, skates, rays, and chinaeras

Front 17

what are predators with powerful jaws and replacable teeth?

Back 17

sharks

Front 18

what lives on the ocean bottom and feeds on invertabrates such as clams?

Back 18

skates and rays

Front 19

What animal may have electricity or a venemous tail spine?

Back 19

skates and rays

Front 20

what vertabrate group is most numerous and diverse?

Back 20

bony fish

Front 21

what vetebrate body plans varies from a torpedo shape to more complex designs?

Back 21

bony fishes

Front 22

what is special about ray-finned fishes?

Back 22

highly maneuvarable

Front 23

what is special about lobe-finned fishes?

Back 23

bear fleshy extensions of the body

Front 24

what is so special about lungfishes?

Back 24

have gills and one or two "lungs"

Front 25

what are 2 amphibian chracteristics?

Back 25

bony endoskeleton and usually 4 legs

Front 26

what animal can respire using gills, lungs or skin?

Back 26

ambhibian

Front 27

what animals skins is sometimes supplies with poisonous glands?

Back 27

amphibians

Front 28

most amphibians lay eggs in water which hatch into what?

Back 28

tadpoles

Front 29

what animal has strong hind legs and a sticky tongue to catch insects?

Back 29

frogs and toads

Front 30

what animal completes a gradual metamorphosis from tadpole to young adult?

Back 30

frogs and toads

Front 31

what animal is very sensitive to enviromental pollution?

Back 31

frogs and toads

Front 32

what animal has an elongated body with a tail that persists until adulthood?

Back 32

salamanders

Front 33

what animal may retain gills into adult stage?

Back 33

salamanders

Front 34

what animal may become sexually mature at the larvae stage?

Back 34

salamander

Front 35

what animal lives in burrows and hunts for invertebrates?

Back 35

caecilians

Front 36

what animal has no limbs or vision?

Back 36

caecilians

Front 37

what are the 3 critical features to escape from water dependency?

Back 37

lay amniote egss, have tough dry or scaly skin resitant to drying and have kidneys that are gtood at conserving water

Front 38

what did the reptiles evolve from?

Back 38

amphibians

Front 39

what era was the age of the dinosaurs?

Back 39

the mesozoic era

Front 40

what are the 5 types of reptiles?

Back 40

turtles, lizards, tuataras, snakes, and crocodilians

Front 41

what animal possess a shell for protection and has a horny beak instead of teeth?

Back 41

turtle

Front 42

what s the most plentiful and diverse reptile group?

Back 42

lizards

Front 43

what are small bodied insect eaters that mostly live in deserts or trpical forests?

Back 43

lizards

Front 44

what animal resembles a lizard but is a more ancient species found near new zealand?

Back 44

tuataras

Front 45

what are carnivores with flexible jaws that permit swallowing large prey whole?

Back 45

snakes

Front 46

what animals are limbless but retain some vestiges of hind limbs?

Back 46

snakes

Front 47

Most of this kind of animal are venemous and may bite humans when provoked?

Back 47

snakes`

Front 48

what are the 3 types of crocodillians?

Back 48

crocodiles, alligators and caimans

Front 49

what animal has a long snout and its body tempurature is regulated behaviorally?

Back 49

crocodillians

Front 50

what animal shows complex behavior by guarding its nests and assisting the hatchlings?

Back 50

crocodillians

Front 51

what creature has apparently evolved from reptiles?

Back 51

birds

Front 52

what animals are diverse in color, courtship, song and size?

Back 52

birds

Front 53

what 3 chracteristics of birds resemble chracteristics of reptiles?

Back 53

horny beaks, scaly legs, and egg-laying

Front 54

what are a birds feathers used for?

Back 54

good flight surface and they are also used for insulation

Front 55

wha do a birds feet and beak determine?

Back 55

its way of life

Front 56

what are 4 unique chracteristics of a bird?

Back 56

warm-booded, 4-chabered heart, highly efficeint lungs and powrfuly muscles for flight

Front 57

what is migration triggered by?

Back 57

seasonal daylength

Front 58

where are migrating birds traveling to and from?

Back 58

breeding ground to wintering places

Front 59

what creature has apparently evolved from reptiles?

Back 59

birds

Front 60

what are the 4 chracteristics of modern mammals?

Back 60

hair, mammory glands, teeth specilized to meet dietary habits and increased brain capacity and behavioral flexibility

Front 61

what animals are diverse in color, courtship, song and size?

Back 61

birds

Front 62

what is so special about montremes?

Back 62

they are egg-laying mamals

Front 63

what 3 chracteristics of birds resemble chracteristics of reptiles?

Back 63

horny beaks, scaly legs, and egg-laying

Front 64

what are a birds feathers used for?

Back 64

good flight surface and they are also used for insulation

Front 65

wha do a birds feet and beak determine?

Back 65

its way of life

Front 66

what are 4 unique chracteristics of a bird?

Back 66

warm-booded, 4-chabered heart, highly efficeint lungs and powrfuly muscles for flight

Front 67

what is migration triggered by?

Back 67

seasonal daylength

Front 68

where are migrating birds traveling to and from?

Back 68

breeding ground to wintering places

Front 69

what are the 4 chracteristics of modern mammals?

Back 69

hair, mammory glands, teeth specilized to meet dietary habits and increased brain capacity and behavioral flexibility

Front 70

what is so special about montremes?

Back 70

they are egg-laying mamals

Front 71

what creature has apparently evolved from reptiles?

Back 71

birds

Front 72

what animals are diverse in color, courtship, song and size?

Back 72

birds

Front 73

what 3 chracteristics of birds resemble chracteristics of reptiles?

Back 73

horny beaks, scaly legs, and egg-laying

Front 74

what are a birds feathers used for?

Back 74

good flight surface and they are also used for insulation

Front 75

wha do a birds feet and beak determine?

Back 75

its way of life

Front 76

what are 4 unique chracteristics of a bird?

Back 76

warm-booded, 4-chabered heart, highly efficeint lungs and powrfuly muscles for flight

Front 77

what is migration triggered by?

Back 77

seasonal daylength

Front 78

where are migrating birds traveling to and from?

Back 78

breeding ground to wintering places

Front 79

what are the 4 chracteristics of modern mammals?

Back 79

hair, mammory glands, teeth specilized to meet dietary habits and increased brain capacity and behavioral flexibility

Front 80

what is so special about montremes?

Back 80

they are egg-laying mamals

Front 81

what are two examples of montremes?

Back 81

platypus and spiny anteater

Front 82

what is so special about marsupials?

Back 82

pouched mammals

Front 83

what are a few examples of marsupials?

Back 83

kangaroo, wombat, opossum, koala bear

Front 84

what are placental mammals?

Back 84

nourish young whithin the mothers uterus by placenta

Front 85

vetebrate gill function manily in what?

Back 85

respiration

Front 86

amphibians are descended from what?

Back 86

lobe-finned fish

Front 87

only birds have what?

Back 87

feathers

Front 88

what is the number of individuals in a gene pool?

Back 88

population size

Front 89

what is the proportions of individuals of each age?

Back 89

age structure

Front 90

what is the number of individuals per unit area or colume?

Back 90

populaiton density

Front 91

what is the pattern in which members are disbursed?

Back 91

population distribution

Front 92

gains and losses in population are dependent on what 4` things?

Back 92

deaths births emmigration immigration

Front 93

what is 0 population growth?

Back 93

balance of births and deaths

Front 94

exponentil growth rates result in what kind of shaped curve? and what does it mean?

Back 94

a J shaped curve; becomes steeper with time

Front 95

what is the maximum rate of increase under ideal (nonlimiting) conditions?

Back 95

biotic potential

Front 96

what are the 6 enviromental limits on growth?

Back 96

nutirent supply, predation, competition for space, pollution, metabolic wastes and disease

Front 97

what is the number of individuals that can live in an area?

Back 97

carrying capacity

Front 98

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 98

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 99

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 99

density dependent and density independent

Front 100

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 100

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 101

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 101

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 102

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 102

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 103

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 103

density dependent and density independent

Front 104

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 104

life table

Front 105

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 105

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 106

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 106

survivorship curves

Front 107

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 107

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 108

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 108

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 109

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 109

life table

Front 110

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 110

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 111

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 111

survivorship curves

Front 112

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 112

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 113

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 113

6 billion

Front 114

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 114

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 115

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 115

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 116

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 116

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 117

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 117

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 118

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 118

6 billion

Front 119

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 119

density dependent and density independent

Front 120

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 120

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 121

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 121

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 122

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 122

life table

Front 123

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 123

survivorship curves

Front 124

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 124

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 125

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 125

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 126

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 126

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 127

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 127

6 billion

Front 128

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 128

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 129

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 129

density dependent and density independent

Front 130

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 130

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 131

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 131

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 132

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 132

life table

Front 133

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 133

survivorship curves

Front 134

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 134

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 135

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 135

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 136

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 136

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 137

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 137

6 billion

Front 138

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 138

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 139

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 139

density dependent and density independent

Front 140

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 140

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 141

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 141

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 142

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 142

life table

Front 143

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 143

survivorship curves

Front 144

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 144

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 145

logistic growth results in what kind of shaped curve? and when does the curve flatten out?

Back 145

an S-shaped curve and it flattens out at carrying capacity

Front 146

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 146

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 147

what are the 2 limiting factors on population growth?

Back 147

density dependent and density independent

Front 148

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 148

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 149

density dependent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 149

large populations (competition, predation, parasitism and disease)

Front 150

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 150

6 billion

Front 151

density independent factors have more of an effect on whom?

Back 151

affects all in area regardless of size (lightning floods snowstorms and othe rnatural diasaters)

Front 152

what follows fate of a group of newborn individuals (cohort) throughtout life

Back 152

life table

Front 153

patterns of survival and reproduction are known as what?

Back 153

survivorship curves

Front 154

the type 1 survivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 154

large mammals; few offspring are produced and they are well cared for

Front 155

the type 2 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 155

chances of death are about the same at any age

Front 156

the type 3 suvivorship curve is typical of what?

Back 156

low suvivorship, high mortality in early life

Front 157

the world popualtion reached what in 1999?

Back 157

6 billion

Front 158

What is the annual rate of increase for the human population?

Back 158

1.3%

Front 159

how many years did it take for the human population to reach 1 billion?

Back 159

2.5 million years

Front 160

how many years did it take for the human ppulation to go from 5-6 billion?

Back 160

12 years

Front 161

what is it called when a population expands into new habitats and climatic zones?

Back 161

geographic expansion

Front 162

what is called when the agriculture in the habitat increased the carrying capacity of the land?

Back 162

increased carrying capacity

Front 163

how have humans sidestepped many limiting factors?

Back 163

medicines and improved sanitation and fossil fuels ushere din the indutrial revolution

Front 164

at the present rate in what year will the human population reach 8.9 billion?

Back 164

2050

Front 165

what is the average number of children born?

Back 165

total fertility rate

Front 166

what is the current average?

Back 166

2.7 children per female

Front 167

what sort of populations continue to have explosive population growth?

Back 167

population with broadly based age structure

Front 168

what can acheive faster declines in birth rates than economic development alone?

Back 168

family planning programs

Front 169

in china how many children are families limited to?

Back 169

1; 2 at the most

Front 170

U.S. is only about ___ % of the world's population but uses ___% of the world's goods services and natural resources

Back 170

4.6;21

Front 171

what is typical in a growing population?

Back 171

most individuals tend to be in a lower age bracket

Front 172

what is typical f moderate growth?

Back 172

future workforce is guranteed b/c of the age distribution

Front 173

what is typical of 0 or negative growth?

Back 173

larger proportion of individuals will end up in higher age brackets

Front 174

for a given species, the maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions is what?

Back 174

the biotic potential

Front 175

the maximum number of individuals sustainable by th resources in a given enviroment is known as?

Back 175

carrying capacity

Front 176

resource competition, deisease and predation _____ controls on population growth rates?

Back 176

density-dependent

Front 177

what is the place where organisms live?

Back 177

habitat

Front 178

what is it called when populations of different species are living in a particular habitat?

Back 178

community

Front 179

what are the 4 factors shapig structure of the community?

Back 179

1.) climatic conditions
2.) avaliablity of food and other resources
3.) species traits
4.) interations among inhabitants

Front 180

what is the sum total of acticities in which a species engages?

Back 180

niche

Front 181

what is it known as when one species benefits while the other is not affected?

Back 181

commensalism

Front 182

What is known as when there is a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit?

Back 182

mutalism

Front 183

what is it known as when both species are harmed by a interartion?

Back 183

interspecific compotetion

Front 184

what is iit known as when one species benefits while the other is harmed?

Back 184

predation and parsitism

Front 185

what is an example of mutalism?

Back 185

the yucca moth and the yucca plant need each other for food and pollination

Front 186

what are the 2 major categories of competition?

Back 186

intraspecific and interspecific

Front 187

what is competition whihtin a species which may result in a depletion of resources?

Back 187

intraspecific

Front 188

what it is called when there is competition between species; and is less intense because the requirements are not exactly the same?

Back 188

interspecific competition

Front 189

what is it called when 2 species require the same limited resource, and the better competitor will drive the less competitive species to extinction in that habitat?

Back 189

competitive exclusion

Front 190

what is the term referinng to the fact that two species cannot occupy the same niche?

Back 190

competitive exclusion

Front 191

when competitors niches do not overlap exactly what is more probable?

Back 191

coexistance

Front 192

subdividing of an essential resource; reduces competition among species that require it is known as what?

Back 192

resource partioniong

Front 193

what are the two ways in which to partion resources?

Back 193

time or space

Front 194

stable coexistance occurs when predators prevent prey from doing what?

Back 194

overshooting carrying capacity

Front 195

what are the 4 "prey defenses"?

Back 195

camouflage, warning coloration, mimcry, and "moment-of-truth" defense

Front 196

what is form, colo, patterning or behavior that allows organisms to blend with surroundings

Back 196

camouflage

Front 197

toxic prey have bright colors or bold patterns that serve as warn ing to predators

Back 197

warning coloration

Front 198

prey not equipped with defenses resemble toxic prey

Back 198

mimicry

Front 199

prey intimidates predator with display behavior

Back 199

moment of truth defense

Front 200

what are the 3 adaptive responses of predators?

Back 200

stealth, camouflauge, speed

Front 201

parasites dont normally do what to the host?

Back 201

kill it

Front 202

what are insects that develop inside other insects called?

Back 202

parasitoids

Front 203

cowbirds lay their eggs in nests of other birds. this activity is known as?

Back 203

social parasites

Front 204

predictable developmental sequence of species in a community

Back 204

ecologucal succession

Front 205

what does sucessional change start with?

Back 205

pioneer species

Front 206

what are pioneer species followed by?

Back 206

competitive species

Front 207

in a succesional change the most perisitant array of species inhabiting the area results in what?

Back 207

a climax community

Front 208

what does primary succession involve?

Back 208

no soil and no life

Front 209

in primmary succession what do the pioneer species do?

Back 209

improve soil fertility

Front 210

when a community reetablishes itself after a minor sidsturbance what is that known as?

Back 210

secondary succession

Front 211

a resdient of an established community that becomes establihed elsewhere is known as what?

Back 211

exotic species

Front 212

what are some examples of beneficial exotic species?

Back 212

soybeans rice wheat

Front 213

what is the exotic aggresive woody vine introduced in the late 1800s to georgia and has thus taken over?

Back 213

kudza

Front 214

what animal was introduceded to australia in 1800s and over populated and destryoed crops?

Back 214

rabbit

Front 215

in the mid 1900s what was introduced to the rabbits of australia?

Back 215

a virus; they developed a resitance

Front 216

what pattern is persitant on mainlan and marine?

Back 216

number of species increases from artic to the tropics

Front 217

what 2 things provide more food?

Back 217

more sunlight and rainfall

Front 218

tradionally rhe rate of specification has exceeded the rate of what?

Back 218

extinction

Front 219

what are the two island patterns?

Back 219

distance effect and area effect

Front 220

when animals are distant from source areas; the island receives fewer colonizing species. what is this known as?

Back 220

distance effect

Front 221

big islands tend to support more species than small ones. what is this known as?

Back 221

area effect

Front 222

how many great extinctions have occured?

Back 222

5

Front 223

shortly after the first humans migrated into the americas what percentage of large mammals vanished?

Back 223

75

Front 224

about ____ of mammals ___ o birds and ____ of amphibians are now endagred

Back 224

10;5;20

Front 225

exotic species are respinsoble for almost 70% of what?

Back 225

endemic species extinction

Front 226

what is putting pressure on 90% of species now facing extinction?

Back 226

habitat loss

Front 227

in the U.S. 98% of tallgrass prairies, 50% of wetlands, and 95% of old growth forests have what?

Back 227

disappred

Front 228

a,mos 30% of commercial fisheries have what?

Back 228

collapsed

Front 229

3-5 billion ______ were hunted to extinction

Back 229

U.S. passenger pigeons

Front 230

what is one way to sustain biodiversity?

Back 230

identifing areas at risk

Front 231

in _____, a distubed site in a community recovers and moves again toward the climaz state

Back 231

secondary succesion

Front 232

what is a complex of organisms interacting with each other and with their enviroment?

Back 232

ecosystem

Front 233

what is open system through which energy flows and materials are recycled?

Back 233

ecosystem

Front 234

autotrophs that make their own food are known as what?

Back 234

primary producers

Front 235

what aqre hetrotrophs that feed on other organisms?

Back 235

consumers

Front 236

what do herbivores eat?

Back 236

plants

Front 237

what do carnivores eat?

Back 237

animal

Front 238

what do omnivores eat?

Back 238

plants and animals

Front 239

what do parasites do?

Back 239

reside in ot on living hosts

Front 240

what do detrivores eat?

Back 240

feed on partly decomposed organic matter

Front 241

what do decomposers eat?

Back 241

feed on remains or waste products of organisms

Front 242

what are trophic levels?

Back 242

feeding levels

Front 243

decomosers feed on organisms from what level?

Back 243

all levels

Front 244

a squence of who eats who is known as what?

Back 244

food chain

Front 245

Interconnected food chains in which some food is part of more than 1 food chain?

Back 245

food webs

Front 246

how many transfers are there in the nature of a food web?

Back 246

usually four or five

Front 247

how much energy is lost at each transfer?

Back 247

90%

Front 248

What level are poisons most harmful to?

Back 248

top level carnivores

Front 249

a graph where producers form the base for sucessive tiers of consumers above them?

Back 249

ecological pyramids

Front 250

what diagram shows the weight of members in each trophic level?

Back 250

biomass pyramid

Front 251

which diagram is based on energy content of each level?

Back 251

energy pyramid

Front 252

on average, only 10% of energy in tissues of one trophic level ends up in tissues of next level. what is this known as?

Back 252

ecological effiency

Front 253

what is the overciew of biocemical cycles?

Back 253

essential element moves from enviromental reservoir, through ecosystems, then back to reservoir

Front 254

how is water moved in the water cycle? (4)

Back 254

evaporation and precipipatation and into living orgnisms through transpiration and respiartion

Front 255

what accounts for nearly 2/3 of water use?

Back 255

agriculture

Front 256

what does the increased amount of water use in agriculture cause?

Back 256

salt buildup and/or water tables to drop

Front 257

in the past decade how many nations have engaged in conflicts over water use?

Back 257

33

Front 258

how does carbon enter the atmosphere?

Back 258

aerobic respiration (fossil fuel burning)

Front 259

The greenhouse effect causes heat to build up in the lower atmosphere which causes what?

Back 259

warms the land and water

Front 260

average tempertaure has risen by what since 1861?

Back 260

1 degree

Front 261

in the past 30 years global surface temperature increased at a faster rate to ___ degrees per century?

Back 261

3+ degrees

Front 262

hnine of the ten hottest years have occured since what year?

Back 262

1990

Front 263

gasous nitrogen makes up about 80% of the atmosphere but doesnt eneter what?

Back 263

the food webs

Front 264

when bacteria convert nitrogen gas to nitrate fetilizerthis is known a what?

Back 264

nitrogen fixation

Front 265

bacteria and fungi breakdown proteins, forming ammonia. what is this known as?

Back 265

ammonification

Front 266

ammonia converted to nitrites; then nitrites converted to nitrates. this is known as what?

Back 266

nitrification

Front 267

the conversion of nitrite and nitrates to nitrogen gas is known as what?

Back 267

denitrification

Front 268

how are nitrogen fertilizers lost?

Back 268

in runoff and leaching

Front 269

plants take up phospohrous where it is transferred to what?

Back 269

herbivores and carnicores

Front 270

what returns phosphorous to the soil?

Back 270

waste and dead bodies decomposed by fungi and bacteria

Front 271

what is over fertilization known as?

Back 271

eutrophication

Front 272

runoff of agricultural fertilizers can result in over fetilization of what?

Back 272

aquatic systems

Front 273

decomposers are commonly what?

Back 273

bacteria and fungi

Front 274

if biological magnification occurs, the _____ will have the highest levels of toxins in their systems

Back 274

top carnivores

Front 275

_____ is often a limiting factor for plant growth?

Back 275

nirtogen

Front 276

the ____ cycle is a sedimentary cycle

Back 276

phosphorpus

Front 277

what are the average weather conditions known as?

Back 277

climate

Front 278

the sun diffrentially heats what 2 regions?

Back 278

the polar and equatorial

Front 279

warm equatorial air rises, cools, releases moisture, spreads N to S where is descends at what latitude and makes what sort of land forms?

Back 279

30; deserts

Front 280

during global air ciculationthe air is warmed again and ascends at what laitude?

Back 280

60

Front 281

why are their seasonal variations in climate?

Back 281

the earhts tilt and revolution around the sun

Front 282

diffrence in day/night ratio increase where?

Back 282

the farther N/S you go

Front 283

photvoltaic cells covert light energy to what?

Back 283

electricity

Front 284

wind farms are practical where?

Back 284

where winds blow at a constant 17 mph

Front 285

ozone in the atmosphere absorbs most what?

Back 285

ultraviolet radioation

Front 286

seasonal ozone thinning occurs where?

Back 286

over antartica

Front 287

one cholrine atom can convert how many ozone molecules to oxygen?

Back 287

10000

Front 288

what is seasonal ozne thinning caused by?

Back 288

coolants and solvents and plastic foam

Front 289

where do thermal inversions trap the air pollutants?

Back 289

close to the ground

Front 290

burning coal and other "dirty" fossil fuels release what?

Back 290

sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxide

Front 291

burning coal and other "dirty" fossil fuels can fall as what?

Back 291

dry acid deposition (acid rain)

Front 292

inhaling particles what three things?

Back 292

nasal passages, the throat and the airways

Front 293

smallest particles can reach the lungs where they can interfere with?

Back 293

respiratory function

Front 294

ocean water cover how much of the earth?

Back 294

75%

Front 295

latitudinal and seasonal varioations in solar heating cause what?

Back 295

ocean water to warm and cool

Front 296

surface aters move from equator to poles warming what?

Back 296

the air above

Front 297

what forms because of earth's rotation, winds, and distribution of land masses?

Back 297

currents

Front 298

physical features of a region sich as elevation are known as what?

Back 298

topography

Front 299

mountains of the western U.S. cause winds from the ocean to do what?

Back 299

rise cool and lose moisture

Front 300

dry winds descend on eastern slopes causing what ?

Back 300

causing rain shadow desert

Front 301

what occurs when warm winds pick up ocean moiisture and release it over cool landmasses?

Back 301

monsoon rains

Front 302

very broad land regions (6) with chracteristic type pf plants and animals are known as what?

Back 302

biogeographical realms

Front 303

large vegetational subdivsions with incluided animals are known as what?

Back 303

biomes

Front 304

biome distribution corrsponds with what? (3)

Back 304

climate, topography and soil type

Front 305

where do most deserts lie?

Back 305

around 30 N and S

Front 306

annual rainfall is low and there is a big temperature diffrence where?

Back 306

deserts

Front 307

over the past 50 years 3.5 million square miles of grasslands and crop lands have been converted to what?

Back 307

desert-like conditions

Front 308

why is so much grassland and crops converted to desert?

Back 308

mainly overgrazing by cows

Front 309

where is the climate semiarid and rainfall is 10-24 inches?

Back 309

dry shrublands, (chapparels)

Front 310

rainfall 16-40 inches; some trees is a typical climate known as what?

Back 310

dry woodlands

Front 311

what climate is typically the interior of continents, between deserts and forests?

Back 311

grasslands

Front 312

what climate typicall has limted rainfall (10-40) and high rates of evaporation and burrowing animals?

Back 312

graslands

Front 313

what pairies have a more pletiful supply of water?

Back 313

tall grass

Front 314

what grasslands are hot dry and have small bushes and trees among grasses?

Back 314

african savannas

Front 315

evergreen broadleaf forests are also known as what?

Back 315

tropical rain forests

Front 316

What climate typically has high rainfall, temperatures and humidity?

Back 316

tropical rain forest

Front 317

what climate has enough rainfall for trees and the leaves change color during auumn and drop just before winter? (20-60 inches)

Back 317

semi-evergreen and deviduos broadleaf forests

Front 318

an evergreen cone-bearer with needle-like leaves is typical in what kind of forests?

Back 318

coniferous

Front 319

what kind of forests can be found in cool to cold regions known as boreal forests?

Back 319

coniferous forests

Front 320

what kind of forests can be founf in montane climate?

Back 320

coniferous forests

Front 321

what kind of forests can be found in the sandy soils of atlantic and gulf coast states?

Back 321

coniferous forests

Front 322

what is north of the boreal forests?

Back 322

the artic tundra

Front 323

what climate has a treeless plains, very cold, low moiusture and is chravterized by permafrost?

Back 323

artic tundra

Front 324

what climate has high elevations of mountains and better drainage than the artic tundra?

Back 324

alpine tundra