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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Animals |
1. Heteroptrophy- must ingest food. |
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2. Mobility- move by means of muscle cells |
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3.Multicellularity- all have two or more cells |
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4. Diploidy- most animals are diploid |
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5. Sexual Reproduction- most animals can reproduce sexually. |
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6. Absence of cell wall- allows for mobility. |
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7. Blastula Formation- all animals have this except for sponges. It is a hollow balls of cells formed when zygote undergoes cell division. Cells within B.F. develop 3 germ layers. |
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8. Tissues- cells of animals are organized into tissues ( except for sponges) Tissue- group of cells, with common structure, that perform specific functions. Ex: adipose tissue- stores fat. |
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Criteria for Classifying Organisms |
1. Organization of Tissues -3 levels 1. Cellular Level- in organisms with no true tissue. Ex: sponges 2. Tissue Level- Diploblastic ( Di= 2) (ectoderm & endoderm) Ex: jellyfish 3. Organ Level- Triploblastic (Tri=3) - All three germ layers Ex: everything above a jelly |
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Criteria for Classifying continued... |
2. Symmetry 3 types 1. Asymmetrical- no particular body shape. 2. Radial- arranged around a axis 3. Bilateral- right and left mirroring halves. They tend to move forward. Cephalization- location of brain at anterior end. |
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Criteria for Classifying continued... |
3. Type of Body Plan 1. Sac Plan- incomplete digestive system. Only one opening for food and waste Ex: jellyfish, tapeworms 2. Tube-within-a-tube- complete digestive system. Separate entrances for food/waste. Ex: roundworms, earthworms, alligators. |
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4. Type of Coelm- body cavity space that contains internal organs. 1. Acoelomate- no body cavity (have mesoderm, no ceolm) Ex: flatworms, ribbon worms 2. Pseudocoelomate- coelom incompletely lined by mesoderm. Mesoderm exists beneath body wall but not around gut. (fake) Ex: roundworms, rotifers 3. Coelomates- have coelom. completely lined with mesoderm. Ex: molluscs |
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5. Segmentation- leads to specialization of parts (Division of Labor). |
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6. Molecular Data- more closely related two organisms are, more nucleotide sequences they will have in common. |
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Protosomes vs. Deuterosomes |
Coelomates are either one of these two.... 1. Protosome: Proto- first Some- mouth Embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the mouth. 2. Deuterosome: Deuter- second (anus) Blastropore becomes the anus. |
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3 Germ Layers |
1. Ectoderm- outer
2. Endoderm- inner 3. Mesoderm- middle - where tissues originate |
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Phylum Porifera: (pore bearing)
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Organisms Belong? Sponges Characteristics? Lack Symmetry, exhibit cellular organization (no tissue), can reorganize (grow back) Type of Cells? Outer Layer- flattened epidermal. Middle Layer- semi-fluid matrix with wandering amoebytes. Inner Layer- composed of flagellated collar cells choancytes Feeding? Sessile (filter feeders). Reproduction? Asexually- fragmentation/budding. Sexually- egg and sperm released into central cavity/ zygote turns into to larva. Skeletal Structures? 1. Spicules- needle shaped with 1-6 rays. 2. Spongin- collagenous fibers throughout body wall. |
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Phylum Ctenophora |
Organisms Belong? Comb Jellies Locomotion? Free swimming/ propelled by cillia. Specialized Cells? capture prey by using sticky adhesive cells called colloblasts. |
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Phylum Cnidaria |
Organisms Belong? Sea Anemones, jellyfish, sea fans, coarls Different Body Forms? Tublar/ Bell Shaped 2 Body Forms 1. Polyp- mouth directed up, sessile locked into place. 2. Medusa- mouth directed down, bell-shaped (more mesogela) Reproduction? Polyp- produces medusae by asexual budding. Medusa- motile medusan stage produces egg and sperm. Digestion? gastrovascular cavity- digest food, circulates nutrition, supports hydrostatic skeleton. Specialized Cells? Cindocytes- stinging cells... when trigger of cindocyte is touched the nematocyst is discharged. Nematocyst- capsule that contains long, spiral, hollow thread. |
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Different Classes of Phylum Cnidaria |
1. Anthozoa- sea anemones and corals -Sea Anemones- nematocystes -attached to submerged rocks/ mutualistic and attached to a crab. - Corals- maybe solitary, but most are colonial polyps. |
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2. Hydrozoa- Physalia, Hydra, and Obelia (polyp dominant) 1. Portuguese-man-of-water (physalia)- colony of polyps. Original polyp fills with gas and keeps colony afloat. 2. Hydra- Freshwater - attached to underwater plants or rocks. - move by gliding - asexually by budding/ sexually 3. Obelia- colonial hydrozoan/ has chitinous covering (shell) - feeding polyps have nematocytes and extend beyond to capture. - reproduce by budding off medusae stage which= free living. -nerve net-, statocytes (balance); ocelli ( detect light). |
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Different Classes of Phylum Cnidaria continued.... |
3. Scyphozoa- true jellyfish (Aurelia) -medusa stage dominant - jellyfish part of zoo plankton (zoo= animals; plankton= floating) |
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Groups of Lophophorans |
3 Groups: 1. Bryozoans- colonial animals called zooids 2. Brachiopods- two hinged shells ( mollucs) 3. Phoronids- live inside ling tube (chitin) |
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Phylum Nemerta |
Organisms Belong? Ribbon Worms Feeding/ Defense Apparatus? Proboscis Apparatus
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Phylum Platyhelminthes |
Organisms Belong? Flatworms Characteristics? -Epidermis- derived from ectoderm -enodermis- derived from enoderm -mesoderm- gives rise to muscles/ reproductive organs. - acoelomate -no respiratory system and no circulatory system -Digestive System- incomplete -Excretory System- osmotic- regulatory sys. |
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Different Classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes |
Class Turbellaria ( Free living Flatworms) Organisms Belong? Plaharians Characteristics? Freshwater; head arrow shaped; two light sensitive eye spots; three muscle layers (outer-circular; inner-longitudinal; and diagonal); larger forms move by cilia on ventral and lateral surfaces. Digestion- captures food by wrapping itself around it and covering it in slime. Then the pharynx extends through mouth and ingests food. Excretion- Flame Cells Reproduction- sexually and asexually. Constrict beneath pharynx (each half regenerates); Hermaphroditic; cross fertilize; fertilized egg dev. in cocoon. |
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Class Trematoda What Belongs? All parasitic Flukes Characteristics? Blood, Liver, and Lung flukes; head- oral sucker; second sucker- sensory papillae. Examples of class Trematoda: 1. Blood Fluke (schistosoma)- Life Cycle- release egg in lumen of blood vessel then larva exists through feces; Hatches in water and enters snail; leaves snail; penetrate human skin; mature in liver. Primary/Secondary Host- primary- human blood vessel; Secondary- snail. Symptoms- dysentery, anemia 2. Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinesis) Life- Adults reside in liver and release eggs in bile ducts; gets carried to intestine for feces to be released. Pri./Sec. host- pri- cats, dogs, humans; sec- snail, fish |
