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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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The scientific study of life.
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Organismal
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An individual form of life, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, protist, or fungus; a body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life.
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Diversity
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The number and variety of species present in an area and their spatial distribution.
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Classification
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The systematic grouping of living things based on characteristics, hierarchical, or phylogenetic relationships.
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Systematics
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A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
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Toxonomy
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A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
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Phylogeny
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The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
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Taxon
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A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.
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Domain
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A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The 3 domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Broadest category.
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Kingdom
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A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain.
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Phylum
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In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above class.
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Class
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In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of order.
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Order
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In Linnnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family.
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Family
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In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus.
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Genus
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A principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name.
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Species
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A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with member of other such groups.
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Specific Epithet
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The second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus.
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Domain Archaea
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1-4 Kingdoms, K. Archaebacteria. Contain extremophiles, methanogens, and non-extreme Archaea.
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Extremophiles
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An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there. Include halophiles and thermophiles.
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Methanogens
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An organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy. All known methanogens are in domain Archaea.
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Domain Bacteria
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1-many kingdoms, K. Archaebacteria. Includes: Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Nitrogen-fixing, Purple-green, Mycoplasmas, Spirochetes, and gram positive.
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Cyanobacteria
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Belongs to the domain bacteria. O2 producing photosynthesis. Similar structure to chloroplasts.
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Alpha Proteobacteria
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Rhizobium species live in nodules within the roots of legumes, where the bacteria convert atmospheric N2 to compounds the host plant can use to make proteins. Species in the genus Agrobacterium produce tumors in plants; genetic engineers use these bacteria to carry foreign DNA into the genomes of crop plants.
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Mycoplasmas
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Smallest bacteria: 1 micrometer
Lack cell walls- changeable shape (flexible) Free living or pathogenic (can cause disease) |
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Domain Eukarya
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Consists of all the organisms that have cells containing true nuclei. Includes many groups of single-celled organisms as well as multicellular plants, fungi, and animals.
- unicellular (some Protists & Yeasts) - colonial (some Protists) - multicellular (most Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) - cell division by Mitosis - various reproduction & recombination cycles - various access to energy and carbon varying by Kingdom |
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Kingdom Protista
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Mostly unicellular
Some motile, some sessile Some autotrophs, some heterotrophs asexual + sexual reproduction (all 3 types) Some with and some without cell walls Polyphyletic group 5 monophyletic clades |
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Kingdom Fungi
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In the domain Eukarya. The study of fungi is known as mycology. fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants and some protists, which contain cellulose, and unlike the cell walls of bacteria. Produce spored through sexual or asexual (molds) life cycles. Some are decomposers and others are symbiotic to plant roots (helpin keep phosphorus from being washed out of the soil).
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Kingdom Plantae
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Multicellular, contain chloroplasts, and have cell walls made of cellulose.
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Kingdom Animalia
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All multicellular (metazoans) and eukaryotic, Ingestive heterotrophs, Have some type of skeletal support, Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, and system, Cells are specialized for particular functions, Reproduce sexually.
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Hierarchical
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Arranged in order of rank.
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Binomial
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Two part format of scientific names.
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Monophyletic
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Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Equivalent to a clade (A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants).
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Polyphyletic
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Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors.
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Holophyletic
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A group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.
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Paraphyletic
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Pertaining to a group group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
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****Molecular Information
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Prokaryote
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Lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
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Eukaryote
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Membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.
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Archea
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One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.
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Extreme Halophiles
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An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
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Extreme Thermophiles
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An organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees Celsius or hotter).
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Bacteria
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One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.
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Symbiosis
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An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
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Serial Endosymbioses
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A hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria, chloroplasts, and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells.
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Asexual Reproduction
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The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
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Sexual Reproduction
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A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents vie gametes.
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Haploid
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Cell has only one set of chromosomes.
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Diploid
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Cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
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Homologous Chromosomes
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A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. Also called homologs.
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Mitosis
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A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.
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Meiosis
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A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosomes sets as the original cell.
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Gamete
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A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
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Zygote
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The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.
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Spore
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In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte be meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
In Fungi a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination. |
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Gametophyte
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In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes.
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Sporophyte
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In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes.
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Syngamy
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The fusion of gametes resulting in the formation of a zygote, which develops into a new organism.
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Isomorphic
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Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
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Heteromorphic
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Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology (structure and features).
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Homospory
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Producing spores of one kind only.
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Heterospory
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The production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants.
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isogamy
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Sexual fusion of gametes of similar size and form.
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Anisogamy (oogamy)
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A form of sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes.
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Unicellular
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Only one cell.
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Colonial
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Individuals of the same organism living closely together.
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Multicellular
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Consists of more than one cell.
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Phylum Diplomonadida
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Have modified Mitochondria (mitosomes). Get energy they need from anaerobic biochemical pathways. Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella. Many are parasites.
Ex: Giardia intestinalis (Inhabits the intestines of mammals) |
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****Paired Nuclei
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Phylum Parabasala
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Have reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes) which generate some energy anaerobically. Best known is Trichomonas vaginalis (sexually transmitted parasite, eats the lining of the vagina). Has parabasal organ (part of the giant mitochondria/ next to it)
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Phylum Kinetoplastida
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Protists that have a single, large Mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. Feed on prokaryotes as well as species that parasitize animals. Ex: Trypanosoma brucei (african sleeping sicknes, has to infect fly then fly has to bite human). Has many surface proteins which keep the host from gaining immunity.
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Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenophyta)
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Genus is Euglena. Most photosynthetic. Most distinguishing feature is the presence of a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside each of their flagella.
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Euglena
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Are mixotrophs: in sunlight they are autotrophic, but when no sunlight they become heterotrophic (absorbing organic nutrients from their environment).
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Stigma
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A small mark, spot, or pore, such as the respiratory spiracle of an insect or an eyespot in certain algae.
The receptive apex of the pistil of a flower, on which pollen is deposited at pollination. |
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Phototaxis
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Locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light.
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
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Two flagella located in grooves in the armor make the dinoflagellates spin as they move through the water. Create the "red tide" and "night glow" in the sea. Many are mixtrophic and half are purely heterotrophic. (Most photosynthetic and motile.)
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Longitudinal and Encircling Flagella
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Longitudinal steers the organism and the encircling propels the organism.
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Gymnodinium
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A genus of dinoflagellates. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor.
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Red Tide Organism
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Karenia brevis
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Bloom
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Episodes of explosive population growth, sometimes cause "red tide".
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Phylum Apicomplexa
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Almost all are parasites. Spread through their host as tiny infectious cells called sporozoites. Named because one end (the apex) of the cell comtains a complex of organelles meant to penetrate host cells and tissue. Life cycle with sexual and asexual stages. Requires two hosts for completion, Ex: Plasmodium.... Parasite that lives in mosquitoes and humans that causes malaria.
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*Spore Forming Parasites
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They were once thought to be protists but are now known to be fungi. After infection they influence their hosts in various ways and all organs and tissues are invaded, though generally by different species of microsporidia. Replication takes place within the host's cells, which are infected by means of unicellular spores.
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Merizoite
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A small ameboid sporozoan trophozoite (as of a malaria parasite) produced by schizogony that is capable of initiating a new sexual or asexual cycle of development.
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Trophozoite
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A protozoan in its early growing stages.
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Oocyst
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A cyst (closed sac) containing a zygote formed by a parasitic protozoan such as the malaria parasite.
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Phylum Ciliophora
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(Ciliates) Named for their use of cilia to move and feed (can be spread out or bunched). Membranelle = row of cilia creating a sheath. Two types of nuclei (micro and macro). Generally reproduce asexually by binary fusion.
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Paramecium multimicronucleatum
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This organism is microscopic and it has little hairs called cilia around it. The organism lives in the water and can have babies the way humans do, or by itself. It moves in a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar). Unicellular and eukaryotic.
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Contractile Vacuole
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Collect water and expel it when it becomes full.
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Pellicle
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An outer membrane of some protozoans. A film that reflects a part of the light falling upon it and transmits the rest and that is used for dividing a beam of light (as in a photographic device).
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Oral Groove
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Canal of the paramecium used to ingest nutrients.
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Cytostome
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Cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles.
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Cytopharynx
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Serves as a gullet through which food material passes from the cytostome to the cell interior; food passed is collected in food vacuoles, into which digestive enzymes are secreted.
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Food Vacuole
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Protists such as Paramecium engulf solid food by endocytosis, forming a food vacuole in which the food is digested.
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Cytoproct
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Undigested particles are expelled from the cell through a single opening, called the cytoproct. Located near the back of the cell. (Cell anus)
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Exocytosis
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The release of cellular substances (as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell.
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Cirrus
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A slender usually flexible animal appendage or projection: as an arm of a barnacle, a filament of a crinoid, a fused group of cilia functioning like a limb on some protozoans.
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Membranelle
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A flattened vibrating organ like a membrane composed of a row of fused cilia in various ciliates.
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Myoneme
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A contractile fibril (small filament or fiber) in the body of a protozoan.
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Phylum Oomycota
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Includes the water molds, the white rusts, and the downy mildews. Have cell walls made of cellulose. Typically acquire nutrients as decomposers or parasites.
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Water Molds
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Are decomposers that grow as cottony masses on dead algae and animals, mainly in freshwater habitats. (P. Oomycota)
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Phylum Bacillariophyta
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Phylum of the Diatoms. Unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica (silicon dioxide/ silicious frustule). Can withstand great pressure because of the overlapping of their walls and the holes and grooves of their walls. Used as a filtering medium.
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Diatomaceous Earth
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Where massive accumulations of fossilized diatom walls are major constituents of sediments. These sediments are mined for their quality as a filtering medium and for many other uses.
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Pennate
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Relating to diatoms of the class Pennales, distinguished by bilaterally symmetrical form.
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Centric
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Relating to diatoms of the class Centrales, distinguished by their radially symmetrical form.
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Phylum Phaeophyta
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Phylum of the Brown Algae, the largest and most complex. All are multicellular, and most are marine. Carotenoids in their plastids give them their brown color. Commonly know as seaweeds.
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Holdfast
Stipe Blade |
Anchors down the alga
Stemlike structure that supports the alga Leaflike that provide most of the photosynthetic surface. |
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Meristem
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A plant tissue responsible for growth, whose cells divide and differentiate to form the tissues and organs of the plant. Meristems occur within the stem and leaves and at the tips of stems and roots.
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Phylum Rhodophyta
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Phylum of the red algae. Has a photosynthetic pigment which masks the green of chlorophyll (phycoerythrin). Because of their pigment they can absorb light relatively far into the water. Most are multicellular. Depend on water currents to bring gametes together for fertilization.
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Agar
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A complex gelatinous carbohydrate obtained from seaweeds, esp those of the genus Gelidium, used as a culture medium for bacteria, a laxative, in food such as ice cream as a thickening agent.
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Carageenan
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A carbohydrate extracted from red algae, used to make a beverage, medicine, and jelly, and as an emulsifying and gelling agent in various processed desserts and drinks.
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Phylum Gymnamoeba
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Constitute a large and varied group of amoebozoans. These unicellular protists are everywhere in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments. Most are heterotrophs that actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists. Some also feed on nonliving organic matter.
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Pseudopods
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Are temporary cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell wall that are able to change their form in order to move.
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Lobopodia
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An extinct group from which arthropods may have evolved. Had segmented bodies but most of their body segments were identical to one another.
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Ectoplasm
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The outer part of the cytoplasm.
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Endoplasm
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The inner (often granulated) part of a cell's cytoplasm.
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Phylum Radiolaria
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The protists called radiolarians have delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica. The pseudopodia of these mostly marine protists radiate from the central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules. Microtubules are covered by cytoplasm, which engulfs smaller microorganisms and carried it to the main part of the cell. Sea floor ooze is made of dead radiolarian skeletons.
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Axopodia
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A semipermanent pseudopodium that consists of an axial rod surrounded by an ectoplasmic sheath and that is typically present in Radiolaria and Heliozoa.
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****Silicious Tests
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Phylum Foraminifera
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Named for their porous shells, called tests made of calcium carbonate. The pseudopodia that extend through the pores function in swimming, test formation, and feeding. Live in ocean and fresh water. Largest protist, chalk is made from their tests.
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Reticulopodia
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Known as reticulose pseudopods, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets. The primary function of reticulopodia, also known as myxopodia, is the ingestion of food, with locomotion a secondary function. Reticulopods are typical of Foraminifera.
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Phylum Myxomycota
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Slime molds: plasmodial and cellular.
Plasmodial: Many brightly colored. Has a pulsing flow that distributes nutrients and oxygen. The mass formed, called a plasmodium, extend pseudopodia through moist soild . leaf mulch, etc. engulfing food particles by phagocytosis as it grows. If no food is left then it turns into fruiting bodies and functions in sexual reproduction. |
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Phylum Chlorophyta
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(Green Algae) Most live in fresh water but some are marine and terrestrial. Most have complex life cycles, with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages. Some live symbiotically within other eukaryotes contributing part of their photosynthetic output to the food supply of their host.
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Volvox
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A type of green algae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats.
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Cellular Specialization
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The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable cell membrane.
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Daughter Colonies
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A secondary colony growing on the surface of an older colony; it is smaller and may have characteristics different from those of the mother colony.
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Chlamydomonas
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A genus of green algae consisting of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae". It contains ion channels, (channelrhodopsins), that are directly activated by light.
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zoospores
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A spore of certain algae, fungi, and protozoans, capable of swimming by means of a flagellum.
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Chlamydomonas
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A genus of green algae consisting of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae". Contains ion channels, (channelrhodopsins), that are directly activated by light.
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Zygospore
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A diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists. Zygospores are created by the nuclear fusion of haploid cells. Remains dormant while it waits for environmental cues, such as light, moisture, heat, or chemicals secreted by plants. When the environment is favorable, the zygospore germinates, meiosis occurs, and haploid vegetative cells are released.
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Chloroplast
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Specialized subunits, in plant and algal cells. Their main role is to conduct photosynthesis.
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Flagella
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The primary role of the flagellum is locomotion but it also often has function as a sensory organelle, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell.
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Starch Granule
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Where glucose is stored.
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Cell Wall
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The tough, flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism.
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Cell Membrane
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A biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
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