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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the four types of proteins?
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1) enzyme
2) antibody 3) hemoglobin 4)glycogen |
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Structure of proteins:
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central carbon
amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH) Hydrogen atom Variable group (rep as R) |
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primary
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linear sequence of the amino acids( hemoglobin structure)
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secondary
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Hydrogen bonds bend chain causing a spiral or pleated shape
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tertiary
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interaction of R groups, causing a 3-D shape by coiling; carries out specific functions
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quarternary
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when two or more polypeptides are joined together
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Protein properties depend on?
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temperature and pH
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How do proteins function?
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communicators
metabolism-enzymes defense-antibodies energy storage- glycogen transport- hemoglobin structure-silks |
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Construction of polypeptides
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peptide bonds between amino acids creating polypeptides,
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Construction of Polymer
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amino acid monomers
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transcription
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transfer of genetic information from a DNA molecule to RNA molecule
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transportation
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transfer of information from RNA molecule into a protein
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Three types of RNA
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Messenger (mRNA)
Transfer (tRNA) Ribosome (rRNA) |
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mRNA
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carries the code for amino acid sequence of a protein
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tRNA
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Single stranded RNA molecule;
the 5' end called anticodons (complementary to codon on mRNA) 3' end where amino acids attach |
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function of tRNA
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pick up appropriate amino acid in cytoplasm
Recognize appropriate codons in the mRNA |
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rRNA
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Binding site for mRNA transcript (small unit) and tRNA transcript (big unit), small and big units make up ribosomes. carries out translation.
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Transcription
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DNA seperates due to an enzyme, one strand acts as template, moves from 5' to 3'
Thymine is replaced by Urasile |
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Initiantion
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promoter sequence found on DNA template that is a start signal for RNA polymerase to begin transcription
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Elongation (transcription)
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RNA grows longer starts to peel away from the DNA template
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Termination (transcription)
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RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases found on DNA template that are a termination signal RNA molecule will fall off
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RNA processing
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modification of the RNA molecule in the nucleus of the cell before reading--> converts to mRNA
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RNA processing modifications
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Removal of introns- via RNA splicing
Addition of a 5' cap and a 3' poly-A tail |
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Translation process
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Initiation
Elongation Termination |
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Initiation (translation)
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the first phase is recognizin the small ribosome to mRNA transcript. Initiators: AUG, Amino acid methionine (met) UAC.
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Elongation (translation)
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amino acids are added one by one.
3steps: Codon recognition, Peptide bond,and translocation |
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Codon recognition(elongation)
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anticodon of incoming tRNA molecule carrying amino acid pairs with mRNA codons
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Peptide Bond (elongation)
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formation between amino acids
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Translocation(elongation)
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movement of the ribosomal unit to make growing polypeptide chains: shifts down the mRNA transcript, displacing the tRNA from the A-site to the P-site
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Termination
RNA Translation |
+stop codons: UAA,UAG,UGA
+completed polypeptide freed +ribosome splits |
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helicase
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+unzips the DNA, creates a replication bubble "fork"
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DNA polymerase
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+pairs up the proper bases
bidirectional: 5'-> 3' continuous 3'-> 5' discontinuous + has the ability to proofread and take the wrong bases and replace with the correct ones |
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Ligase
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+seals the discontinuous strand together, removes the RNA primers.
+ bonds the sugar-phosphate backbone of the fragments to form a continuous strand. |
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Language of DNA
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A/T; C/G- DNA
A/U; C/G- RNA |
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Genetic code has 1 start and 3 stops:
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start: AUG
stop: UAA, UGA, UAG |
