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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an invertebrate? |
An animal without a backbone |
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What proportion of animals are invertebrates? |
95% of all known, most are marine |
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Is the group of animals that are invertebrates monopohyletic? Explain why? |
No invertebrates are paraphyletic because deuterostomes are included in this group and some are considered vertebrates. |
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What is the most species-rich phylum within the invertebrates? |
Phylum Poriferia |
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What are sponges? |
Sponges are animals that are considered suspension feeders. They are basal animals that lack true tissue, a body cavity, symmetry, segmentation, or cephalization. |
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Is the phylum Poriferia monophyletic? |
It is agreed that yes they are, but that does remain under some scrutiny. |
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Explain and illustrate filter feeding in the sponges? |
Filter feeding occurs when the choanocyte cells, (collar cells), create a current that pulls water through the pores of the sponge. The sponge then "filters" the water and undergoes phagocytosis in the choanocyte cells. Simply put, the water is drawn through the pores into the spongocoel, and then through the osculum.
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Explain sexual reproduction in sponges? |
Sperm arises from choanocytes, eggs from amoebocytes 1. adut sponges release sperm 2. sperm enters neighbouring sponge 3. flagellated larva develops 4. water carrys larva to hard surface where it develops |
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Explain some if the human uses for sponges |
studies in immunity and cell/cell recognition bio-products and bio-pharmaceuticals |
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Which characteristics convince you that sponges are actually animals? |
The similatiry between choanocytes and the cells of choanoflagalleates supports the molecular evidence. |
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What are the major clades of metazoans?
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What phyla compose these clades?
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What are the main characteristics of members of the phylum Cnidaria?
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- 2 germ layers
- no body cavity - radial symmetry - no segmentation - no cephalization - diploblastic - GVC - no true muscles or nerves |
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Describe the Cnidarian body plan
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A sac with a a central digestive system. They have one opening that acts as both the mouth and the anus.
Carnivorous Countless cnidocytes that are filled with nematocytes used to defend and on prey. There are two basic body forms: 1) medusa: sexual, motile, planktonic 2) polyp: asexual, sessile or sedentary, nonmotile |
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What are the three major classes in the phylum Cnidaria?
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1. Class Hydrozoa
2. Class Anthozoa 3. Class Scyphozoa |
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Describe the class Hydrozoa
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ex. Hydras
Alternate between polyp and medusa. When conditions are favourable, they reproduce asexually via budding. They can produce sexually when they need to. |
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Describe the class Anthozoa
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ex. Sea anemones and corals
polyps that excrete calcium carbonate exoskeletons. Two main groups: 1. anemones: fleshy, large, no exoskeleton 2. corals: exoskeleton, form reefs |
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What is the ecological significance of coral reefs?
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Reefs provide a habitat and feeding grounds for many diverse species.
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What are the threats to coral reefs?
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climate change
nitrogen input via sewage 'bleaching' |
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How to Cnidarians feed?
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They are autotrophic. Most are carnivorous.
They use their tenticles to obtain their prey and force it into their GVC. Enzymes in the cavity break down the nutrients and anything left over is expelled through the mouth/anus. Protists will sometimes help with feeding, they obtain nitrogen and protection from the coral, and in return provide the coral with sugar. However the protist may overrun the coral, causing 'bleaching'. |
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Describe the major features of the following clades; Bilateria and Lophotochozoa?
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Bilateria: triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, organs and organ systems. May be a coelomate, pseudocoelomate, or acoelomate. Most have a complete digestive tract
Lophotochozoa: identified by molecular data. some have a lophophore, others a trochophore larva stage. Some have neither. Most diverse bilaterians. |
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What type of data precipitated the creation of the clade Lophotochozoa?
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DNA evidence
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How many phyla compose the Lophotrochozoa?
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18
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What is a lophophore?
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a crown of ciliated tentacles that functions in feeding
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What is a trochophore larva?
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A free swimming planktonic larva
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Describe the main traits of the phylum Platyhelminthes.
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ex.flatworms, tapeworms No body cavity bilateral cephallization marine, freshwater, or damp terrestrial habitats |
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What are the three main classes that compse the Platyhelminthes?
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Turbellarians - free living flatworms
Trematodes - the flukes Cestodes - tapeworms |
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What are some diseases caused by trematode worms?
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What are the main characteristics of tapeworms?
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Often they have suckers and/or hooks on their anterior ends. They lack a mouth or GVC and simply absorb they nutrients via their body surface. They have sacs of sex organs and after sexual reproduction lay their eggs in the hosts feces.
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Describe the phylum Rotifera
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Pseudocoelomates, free living marine and freshwater animals. Have a complete digestive tract. Swim via ciliated corona and have mastex. The fluid in their pseudocoelomate acts as both the circulatory system and a hydrostatic skeleton. Some species have no sexual reproduction, but most reproduce via parthenogenesis.
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Descrice asexual reproduction in the rotifers
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Parthenogenesis - a female lays unfertalized eggs which hatch to be only femals. The entire species is completley female.
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Describe the main characteristic of molluscs
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triploblastic, coelomates, bilateral, some have heads, some dont. Most have seperate sexes with gonads in visceral masses. Most are diecous, use broadcast spawning, and have planktonic trocophor larva,
They hace three main parts: a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle. They use a radula to scrape up food. |
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Describe mollusc reproduction
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Although most molluscs have seperate sexes, some snails are hermaphoditic. Many include a trocophoric larval stage
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Describe the characteristics of the gastropods
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ex. snails and slugs
They all undergo torsion in which their anus ends up above their head. |
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Describe gastropod circulation and respiration
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Describe gastropod reproduction
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Describe the characteristics of the bivalves
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Describe feeding in the bivalves
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What is a Glochidium? What is its function?
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Describe the characteristics of the cephalopods
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What are the main differences between the cephalopods and the other molluscan classes?
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What is the meaning of the word Annelida?
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What habitats host annelids?
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What is the significance of the annelid Megascolides australis?
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What are the main traits common to annelids?
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Protostomes, bilateral, triploblastic, coelomates, complete gut, segmented, cephalized, sophisticated nervous, excretory, circulation, and reproduction systems.
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Describe annelid development
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What is the significance of segmentation in the annelids?
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Allows for the specification of functions in seperate body regions
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What are the main classes of annelids?
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1. Class Polychaeta - fleshy parapodia, setae, well developed head appendages, marine, dioecious, trochophore larva
2. Class Oligochaea - earthworms; freshwater or terrestrial, evidence of cephalization, clitellum, hermaphroditic 3. Class Hirudinea - leeches; internal septae, dorsoventrally flattened, lobed intestine, clitellum, hermaphroditic, have two suckers |
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How do earthworms move?
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By the aid of a its hydrostatic skeleton and the contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles
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Describe earthworm reproduction
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What is the ecological importance of earthworms
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What parts are incorporated in the earthworm digestive system? (6)
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Muscular pharynx
Esophagus Crop Gizzard Intestine |
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What parts are incorporated in the earthworm circulatory system? (3)
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Dorsal blood vessel
Ventral blood vessel Aortic arches |
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What parts are incorporated in the earthworm nervous system? (3)
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Cerebral ganglia
Ventral nerve cord Lateral nerves and ganglia |
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What parts are incorporated in the earthworm reproductive system? (2)
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Seminal vesicles
Seminal receptacles |
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What part in incorporated in the earthworm excretory system?
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Metanephridia
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Describe polychaete reproduction
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Describe the main traits of memebers of class Hirudinea
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Describe parasitism by members of class Hirudinea
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Describe some of the historical and contemporary medicinal uses of leeches
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What are the main traits of the ecdysozoans
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Based on molecular evidence
Undergo ecdysis Thick exoskeleton Most bidoverse group in animal kingdom |
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Describe species diversity in Ecdysozoa
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Describe nematode development and reproduction
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What is elephantiasis
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Why are nematodes so good at parasitism?
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Approximately how many extant species of arthropods are there? How many individuals?
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1 million described species
1 billion billion individuals |
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Describe the origin of the arthropods and the significance of the 'Cambrian Explosion' and the Burgess Shale
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What is the significance of Hox genes in arthropod diversification?
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What are the main traits of arthropods?
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Protostomous, bilateral, coelomates, segmented, appendages, cuticle and exoskeleton, open circulatory system
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What is the arthropod exoskeleton made out of?
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Chitin
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Describe circulation and gas exchange in the arthropods
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Name 3 of the main taxa within the Phylum Arthropoda
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1. The Chelicerates - spiders, ticks, scorpions
2. Crustacea - lobsters, barnacles, crabs 3. Myriapoda - centipedes and millipedes 4. Hexapoda - insects; beetles, dragonflies |
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Describe the key traits that are cosidered to have lead to the enormous success of the Arthropods
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segementation that efficiantly divised labor
cuticle that offered protection, a point of attachment for appendages, impermeable to water |
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Describe the body plan of a characteristic arthropod
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What do you think explains the 'hyperdiversity' of the insects
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