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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell |
Basic building block of life Many different types blood, bone, nervous, muscle |
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Tissue |
Integrated group of similar cells that produce a common function 4 types: connective tissue, epitheral tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue |
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Organ |
Group of tissues, each preforming it's function and working together to accomplish a specific task. |
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Organ system |
group of organs that work together to preform one of more functions
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what is the order of the organization? |
cells tissues organs organ systems
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Homeostasis |
active maintainence of internal conditions within normal ranges despite enviornmental changes |
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Homeostatic control mechanism |
Nervous and endocrine systems regulate blood ph, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, salt balance |
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pancreas |
regulates blood glucose level if too high releases insulin if too low releases glycogen |
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Insulin |
activates glucose up take into cells, esp. liver cells |
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Glucogen |
activates glucose release from cells |
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Blood sugar rollercoaster |
Blood glucose levels soar after sugary foods, body reacts to rapid dramatic increase. Glucose removed from blood to quickly, glucose drops too far too fast. this leads to cardiovascular disease, weight gain and obesity, type 2 (adult onset) diabetes |
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Thermoregulation |
maintain set point temperature at any enviornmental temp |
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Hypothalamus |
thermoregulatory center in the brain, monitors blood and skin temperature, directs responses to change in temperature |
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What are the four types of tissues in the human body? |
Connective tissue, epitherial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue |
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What is the purpose of organ systems? |
to maintain the health of the organism |
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What two organ systems maintain homeostasis in the human body? |
the nervous and endocrine systems |
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what are the four parts of homeostatic control mechanisms? |
-Variable (glucose, body temperature) -Sensor (detects value of variable, Nerves) -Integrator/ control center (Compares value to set point. Brain, organs, sends signal to the effector) -Effector (returns Variable to set point Hormones, Muscles) |
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What is the normal blood glucose level in a human? |
70 to 90 mg/dl |
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How are blood glucose levels controlled? |
Blood glucose levels are controlled by the pancreas |
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What does the pancreas do when glucose levels are high? |
If the glucose level is high the pancreas releases insulin which makes cells take in glucose |
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What does pancreas do when glucose levels are too low? |
If the glucose level is low the pancreas releases glycogen which causes glucose to release from the liver |
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What causes unstable glucose levels? |
Glucose levels soar after eating sugary foods. The body reacts the the rapid and dramatic increase in sugar and makes the cells take in the sugar but then the glucose levels drop to far too fast. This can cause adult onset or type 2 diabetes overtime. |
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What is the Hypothalamus? |
The thermoregulatory center in the brain, it monitors blood and skin temperatures and directs voluntary or involuntary responses to the change in temperature |
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What happens when there is a rise in temperature? |
hypo dialates blood vessels in the skin and heat is lost from the blood. The hypo also sends signals to the sweat glands to produce sweat |
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What happens when there is a fall in body temperature? |
hypo constricts the blood vessels to reduce heat loss Skeletal muscles shiver to generate heat |
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Ventilation |
Moving air in and out of the lungs breathing |
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Inspiration (inhale) |
Intercoastal muscles contract lifts ribs increases front-to-back dimension of chest cavity diaphram contracts, moves downwards, increases vertical dimension of chest cavity lower air pressure in lungs air moves into lungs |
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Expiration (exhale) |
Intercoastal and diaphram relax, diaphram and ribs return to resting positions increases air pressure in the lungs, air moves out of the lungs |
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Negative pressure breathing |
inhale (muscles contract lung volume expands) Exhale ( muscles relax, lung volume decreases) |
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Epiglottis |
open while breathing, closes while swallowing keeps objects out of tracea, cough reflex |
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Alveoli |
grapelike clusters of air sacs functional units of the lungs co2 moves out of the lungs and o2 moves in |
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Hemoglobin |
How oxegen is carried in the blood, bound to hemoglobin protein in red blood cells |
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COPD |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease progressive disease major cause of disability in the united states |
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Artery |
Carries blood away from the heart High blood pressure Rapid blood flow |
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Vein |
Low blood pressure low blood flow wall simular to the artery wall but not as thick skeletal muscles squeeze veins and pust blood upward
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Capillary |
connect veins and arteries thin walls single cell layer spaces between cells of wall narrow about as wide as one RBC |
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Systole |
SQUEEZE out of heart heart contracts, blood pumps out of ventricles Blood pressure highest |
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Distole |
Heart relaxes blood flows into the ventricles |
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pacemaker cells |
cells that control the beating of the heart |
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Blood Pressure |
Pressure that circulating blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels |
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ECG, EKG |
Records electrical charges in heart, Detected of the skin |
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Hypertension |
high blood pressure persistently at or above 140/90 |
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Heart Failure |
stroke, heart attack |
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stroke |
Death of brain cells due to blocked or ruptured artery |
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Coronary artery disease |
Blockage of one or more coronary arteries Arteries that supply blood to heart muscle |
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Heart Attack |
Damage or death of cardiac muscle cells |
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What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
Ventilation- Moving air in and out of lungs(breathing) Gas Exchange- Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxegan in the bloos |
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How does inhalation occur? |
intercoastal muscles and diaphram contract, lowers air pressure in the lungs air moves in to the lungs |
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How does Exhalation occur? |
Intercostal muscles and diaphram relax restorechest cavity to its origional volume increases air pressure and moves air out of lungs |
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How is respiration controlled? |
The brainstem |
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Co2 Diffuses from _______ to __________ |
Blood to lungs |
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O2 Diffuses from ________ to __________ |
lungs to blood |
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Tissues Co2 Diffuses From _______ to ___________ |
cells to blood |
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Tissues O2 Diffuses From ________ to __________ |
Blood to cells |
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How are O2, CO2 and CO Carried in the blood? |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the us? |
COPD |
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What Causes COPD? |
Continual irratation and inflamation of lungs. Tobacco smoke including secondhand smoke, pollution, chemical fumes and dust |
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What are the Two Conditions of COPD? |
1. Chronic Broncitus (Affects airways, coughing and wheezing)
2. Empheysema (Affects Aveoli, shortness of breath, chest tightness) |
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What is the function of the cardiovascular system? |
To transport nutrients and gasses around the body |
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What are the parts of the Cardiovascular system? |
Heart Blood Vessels Blood |
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What are the components of blood? What are their functions? |
Red blood cells- Transport O2 White Blood Cells- Fight Invaders Platelets- form blood clots plasma- Liquid part of the blood carries ions |
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What are the three types of blood vessels |
Arteries,veins, and Capalaries |
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Artery function, pressure, flow, structure |
Function- Carry blood from heart to the body Pressure- High Flow- Rapid Blood Flow Structure- Thick layer of smooth muscles, layers of elastic fibers, thin inner lining of cells |
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Veins Function, Pressure, Structure, flow |
Function: carries blood back to the heart Pressure: low Flow: low Structure: blood travels against gravity back to the heart, skeletal muscles squeeze veins push blood upward |
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Capalaries Function, Structure |
Function: Connect Veins to Arteries Structure: thin wall single cell layer, spaces between cells of wall narrow about as wide as one RBC, site of gas exchange between blood and cells |
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Name the Four Chambers of the Heart |
left and right atrium left and right ventricles |
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name the major vein and major artery of the heart |
Major Vein: Vena Cava Major Artery: Aorta |
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name the order the blood flows through the heart |
Vena Cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |
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What is the cardiac cycle? what are its two parts? |
Repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart Systole and distole |
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Blood Pressure is Highest During __________ and lowest during __________ |
systole and lowest during distole |
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Blood Pressure is Highest in the __________ and lowest in the _________ |
Arteries and Veins |
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Cardiac Rhythm is controlled by |
pacemaker cells |
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SA Node controls the contraction of the right atrium what does Av node control |
the left atrium |
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what is an aneurysm? |
abnormal ballooning of artery in braindue to weakness in vessel wall |
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Neuron |
Nerve cell functional unit of the nervous system |
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Nerve |
Bundle of neurons and blood vessels, surronded by tough fiberous connective tissue |
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CNS |
Brain and spinal cord( recieves infor, processes and combines info, sends signals for responses) |
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PNS |
Periphial Nervous System, Everything that is NOT CNS (Somatic, Autonomatic (sympathic, parasympathic) |
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Synapse |
contact between two neurons |
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Neuromuscular junction |
motor neuron synapse with skeletal muscle |
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Tendon |
Strong fiberous tissue that attaches muscles to bone |
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Ligament |
Attach bone to bone |
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Synovial Fluid |
thick fluid fills capsule around joint for lubrication |
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Antagonistic Muscle Pair |
Need oposing muscle to pull it back to resting state |
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Neuron Properties |
Exitable, Generate and transmit electrical signals, action potentials |
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neuron structure |
several dendrites, recive signals from other cells , one axon carries signal to the next cell, can be very long |
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what direction does the neuron action potential go? |
away from the cell |
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What are the three parts of the brain? |
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem |
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cerebrum |
processes inputs, higher-order thinking, determines responses |
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Cerebellum |
fine motor actvites |
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brainstem |
involuntary actions, breathing, digestion, sleep cycles |
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Somatic Nervous system |
Nerves for voluntary functions Sends Signals to CNS Recieves motor signals from CNS motor Neurons |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Involuntary Functions (homeostasis, Breathing) Functions: sends monitoring info to CNS recieves response signals from cells Can stimulate or inhibit activities |
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What are the two divitions of ANS and what are their characteristics |
sympathetic Division (fight or flight) - increased heart reate, constricted blood vessels, inhabited digestive activites Parasympathetic (rest and digest)- slower heart rate, dialated blood vessels, stimulates digestive activity |
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what is the structure of a synapse? |
signal passed between presynaptic and postsynptic cell Presynaptic synaptic cleft Postsynaptic |
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Chemical synapse |
chemical messenger released from neurotransmiter |
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synaptic vessicles |
in presynaptic axon terminal contain neurotransmitter |
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neurotransmitter |
chemical messenger |
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neurotransmitter receptor |
on postsynaptic neuron |
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straited muscle |
attached to skeleton voluntary control |
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muscle structure |
made of muscle fibers muscle fibers are made of thin fillaments called actin and thick fillaments called myosin |
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explain contraction using the slidding fillament model |
thinfillaments slide past thick fillaments using atp and the muscle fiber shortens |
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Tendons attach muscle to |
Bone |
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Skeletal system |
has 206 bones its function is to support body , provide leverage for movement, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, and fats |
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What is the structure of the skeletal system? |
it is made of bone cells ( reabsorbed and reformed) yellow bone marrow (stores lipids), Red Bone Marrow (makes red and white blood cells), fed by blood vessels |
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what is the structure of a moveable joint? |
Cartalidge (smooth surface covers the ends of bone), ligaments (attatch bone to bone) synovial fluid( thick fluid fills capsule around joints, lubricates joint) |
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what is cavitation |
surfaces separate, joint capsule volume increases, insufficent fluid to fill volume, gasses bubble out of fluid cracking sound |
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antagonistic muscle pairs |
can only shorten do not lengthen |
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Why do we need antagonistic muscle pairs? |
need oposing muscles to pull it back to resting state |
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what do a flexor and extensor do? |
flexor- bends a joint extensor- straightens a joint |
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pathogen |
disease causing agent |
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immune system |
biological structures and processes in an organism that protect it against disease |
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innate immune system |
first line of defence, rapid immediate response, present in plants and animals |
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adaptive immune system |
specific, slower that innate response, immunological memory( only in vertabrates) |
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phagocytosis |
ingestion of pathogen foreign particle by white blood cells |
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antibody |
bind to virus made by B cells |
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Immunological Memory |
ability to respond more rapidly and effectivley to pathogens encountered previously |
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vaccine |
provide active immunity to disease |
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virus |
an infectious particle made of RNA or DNA, protein coat, membrane envelopewith a few specific proteins |
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what are the two types of immune systems |
innate and adaptive |
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what are the two goals of an innate immune system? |
1 prevent pathogen entry 2 to quickly eliminate pathogens that manage to enter the body |
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What are the two approches an innate immune system takes? |
Barriers- prevent the entry of pathogens physical-skin mucous membranes Chemical- antimicrobial enzymes in saliva and tears, gastric acid in stomach
Phagocytosis- injestion of pathogen by white blood cells |
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What are the two goals of an adaptive immune system? |
1. to eliminate the pathogen 2.to create arsenal for fighting future invations of pathogen |
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how does an adaptive system go about acomplishing it's goals? |
b-cells and t-cells |
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viruses Dead or alive? |
viruses are dead because they don't have a cell structure |
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how does a virus reproduce? |
a virus reproduces by attaching to the cell ejecting it's RNA into the nucleus. cell reproduces virus and the virus leaves the cell to attack other cells |
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how do you treat a virus? |
antiviral drugs slow progression, no cure for most viruses, vaccine best defense |
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how does HIV effect a human? |
1.acute infection (fever, nausea, rash) 2. clinical latency (no symptoms for 3 to 20 years) 3.AIDS (t-cells depleated, body cant fight infection, eventually fatal |
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Ebola Virus |
viral hemorrhagic fever: virus effects multiple organ systems, often accompanied by bleeding Incubation Period: 2-21 days Transmission: close personal contact with infected person |
