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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two types of microscopes? |
Light microscope and electron mnicroscope |
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What constrains the lower size limit of cells? |
The logistics required to carry out metaobolism; can only be as small as all needed organelles |
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What constrains the upper size limit of cells? |
The surface area to volume ratio |
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Generally ________ are smaller than _________. |
I. prokaryotic cells II. eukaryotic cells |
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What are the cell types? |
Prokaryotic (bacteria, archea) and Eukarya (Animalia, protists, fungi, plantae) |
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What do the two types of cell have in common? |
1. they both have ribosomes 2. all present day cells evolved from a common ancestor 3. use DNA as heritable material 4. separated by plasma membrane |
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How do the two types of cells differ? |
PROKARYOTIC - no membrane bound nucleus/organelles, simple cell structure, domain: bacteria and archea
EUKARYOTIC - membrane bound nucleus/organelles, complex structure, domain: eukarya |
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What is a plasma membrane? |
A selective semi permeable lipid bilayer |
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Where is the site of RNA production? |
The 80S ribosomes |
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What is the Golgi apparatus? |
Modifies proteins, receive side (cis-) and shipping side (trans-) |
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What are lysosomes? |
Membrane bound sacs of hydrolytic enzymes made by the RER |
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What are vacuoles? |
Membranous sacs that may be used for storage of proteins, ions and wastes. |
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What are the functions of vacuoles? |
Storage, waste disposal, protection, growth, homeostasis, and enzymatic hydrolysis (plants and fungi) |
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What is the smooth ER? |
A membrane network that lacks ribosomes. Synthesises lipids, metabolises carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions. |
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What is the rough ER? |
A membrane network that is covered in ribosomes. Modifies proteins, produces membrane. |
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What are free ribosomes? |
They are in the cytosol. They produce proteins and most of the mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins. |
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What are bound ribosomes? |
Attached to the outer surface of the nuclear envelope and ER. Produce proteins that are included in membranes and membrane bound organelles |
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What is a mitochondria? |
It is the site of cellular respiration in a cell - the power house of the cell |
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What do mitochondria contain? |
Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes - matrix, crista |
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What is a chloroplast? |
The site of photosynthesis |
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What does a chloroplast contain? |
Chlorophyll, chloroplast DNA, ribosomes - granum, stroma, thylakoid |
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What are peroxisomes? |
Structures formed from proteins from cytosol and lipids (from ER or within the peroxisome). They specialize in oxidative reactions and use oxygen to degrade a variety of substances, including stored fatty acids (turn them into sugars), and harmful compounds. |
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What are the three components of a cytoskeleton? |
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
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Arrange the components of a cytoskeleton from smallest to largest. |
1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules |
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Where are microtubules found? |
In the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes
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What is the MOC and why is it important? |
MOC - microtubule organizing center (found in animal cells) It contains a pair of centrioles that replicate during cell division. |
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What are the 5 functions of microtubules? |
1. Compression resisting 2. Cell motility 3. Chromosome movement 4. Organelle movement 5. Cell shape |
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What are cilia and flagella composed of? |
Microtubules |
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What are microfilaments composed of? |
Actin (a protein) |
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What are the 6 functions of microfilaments? |
1. Tension bearing 2. Muscle contraction 3. Cytoplasmic streaming 4. Cell motility 5. Cell division 6. Cell shape |
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What are intermediate filaments composed of? |
Different proteins including keratins
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What are the 3 functions of intermediate filaments? |
1. Tension bearing 2. Maintain cell and organelle shape 3. Fixing position of certain organelles |
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What is the function of plant cell walls? (3) |
1. Protection 2. Structure and shape 3. Homeostasis |
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What is a plant cell wall composed of? |
A variety of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids |
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What is the ECM and where is it found? |
Extracellular Matrix - Animal cells |
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What is the EMC composed of? |
Glycoproteins in proteoglycan |
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What is the difference between a glycoprotein and a proteoglycan, respectively? (What is the dominant biological molecule in both?) |
Glycoprotein - dominant protein Proteoglycan - dominant glycogen |
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What are the three types of intercellular junctions in animal cells? |
1. Tight junctions (continuous seals) 2. Desmosomes (function like rivets) 3. Gap junctions (cytoplasmic channels - communication)
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