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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discovered by Christian de Duve in 1965.
Small organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. |
Peroxisomes
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Chloroplast which are spealized versions of plant organelles.
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Plastids
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Enclosed in the thylakoid membrane.
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Thylakoid Lumen
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All living things composed of one or more of this.
The smallest living organisms. New ones come only from pre-existing ones by division. Schleidon and Schwann. |
The Cell Theory
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The 1st scientist to observe a cell (cork 1663).
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Robert Hooke
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The first scientist to observe single celled microorganisms.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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The ratio between size of an image produced by a micrscope and its actual size.
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Magnification
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Clarity of an image, ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another.
Shorter wavelengths = better resolution. |
Resolution
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Ability to visualize particular cell structures.
Can be enhanced using dyes. |
Contrast.
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Some electrons are scattered while others pass through to form an image.
To visualize internal ultrastructure. |
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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-Lacks ribosomes
-Detoxification (liver cells) -Carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen) -Ca balance (muscle contraction) -Synthesis and modification of lipids. |
Smooth ER (SER)
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Anchored to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
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Basal bodies
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The cytoplasm circulate throughout the cell to distribute resources efficiently in large cells.
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Cytoplasmic Streaming
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The membranes that encloses the nucleus.
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Enomembrane System
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Small membrane enclosed spheres.
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Vesicles
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Formed where the inner and outer nuclear membranes make contact with each other.
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Nuclear pores
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The internal space of an organelle.
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Lumen
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The ER membrane enclosses a single compartment called?
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ER lumen
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Discovered by Camillo in 1898.
A stack of flattened, membranes. |
Golgi apparatus
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1. Secretion
2. Processing 3. Protein sorting. |
Overlapping functions by the Golgi Apparatus.
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Enzymes called protease, cut proteins into smaller polypeptides.
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Proteolysis
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Hydrolytic enzymes that use a molecule of water to break covalent bond.
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Acid hydrolases
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Cellular material, such as worn out organelles, becomes enclosed in a double membrane.
Eating of one's self. |
Autophogy
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Occupies 80% or more of the cell volume.
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Central Vacuole
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Membrane of the central vacuole.
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Tonoplast
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"Thread Granule"
Has an outer and inner membrane separated by a region called the intermembrane space. |
Mitochondrion
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Where ATP is made.
Increase the surface area of mitochondrion inner membrane. |
Cristae
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Compartment inside the inner membrane.
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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A 3rd membrand forms fluid-filled flattened tubules that enclose a single convoluted compartment.
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Thylakoid Membrane.
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Compartment of the chloroplast that is inside the inner membrane bu outside the thylakoid membrane.
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Stroma
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Tubules that stack on top of each other form this structure.
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Granum.
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Beam scans surface to make 3D images.
To visualize shape, surface. |
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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Simple cells structure. Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles. Two categories: Bacteria and Archaea. Both are small.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Abundant, most not harmful.
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Bacteria
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Less common, often found in extreme environments.
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Archaea
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Barrier; passage of substance in/out of cell.
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Plasma or Cell Membrane.
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Inside plasma membrane.
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Cytoplasm
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Protein Synthesis
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Ribosomes
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Region where genetic material is found.
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Nucleoid
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Support and protection
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Cell wall.
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Protection, pathogenicity.
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Capsule
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Pilli (attachment)
Flagella(locomotion) |
Appendages
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DNA housed inside nucleus.
Exhibits compartmentalization (organelles) Shape, size and organization of cells vary. |
Eukaryotic Cells
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Subcellular structure or membrane-bounded compartment with its own unique structure and function.
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Organelle
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Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane.
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Cytosol
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Cytosol
Endomembrane System Semiautonamous organelles |
Cytoplasm
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Coordination of many metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells.
Sum of all chemical reations involve energy and enzymes. |
Functions of Cytosol: Metabolism
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Breakdown of a molecule into smaller compartments.
release energy |
Catabolism
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Synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules
require energy |
Anabolism
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Synthesis of ploypetide on information within a gene.
Ribosome mRNA tRNA |
Translation
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Site of polypeptide synthesis
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Ribosome
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Carries info to make a polypeptide.
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mRNA
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Brings amino acids to ribosomes
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tRNA
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Composed of a lineat sequence of amino acids.
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Polypeptide
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The sum of the chemical reactions by which cells produce the materials and energy that are neede to sustain life.
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Metabolism
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Responsible for speeding up each step in a metabolic pathway.
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Enzymes
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Three different types of protein filaments.
Structures within Cytosol: Cytoskeleton. |
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments. Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) |
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Made of tubulin
Dynamic instability(growth and shortening) Centrosome or microtubule-organizing center in animals(centrioles) Cell shape and organization Cell division Present in cilia and flagella |
Microtubules
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Similarities between flagella and cilia
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Structure: Microtubules; at two interval structure with dynein as motor protein, and linking proteins; originate from basil bodies(atriplets)
Funtion: Movement |
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Differences between Flagella and Cilia.
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Length: Flagella are longer than cillia.
Cilia tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell while flagella are present singly or in pairs. |
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Found in some animal cells
More stable than microtubules and actin filaments. Present in nuclear lamina Shape and support of nucleus. |
Intermediate Filaments
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Made of actin dubunits.
Animal cell division. Found in muscle cells (muscle contraction)- myosin as motor protein. Amoeboid movement |
Microfilaments
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Use ATP to promote movement
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Motor Proteins
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Contains Chromatin.
Made of DNA and Protein. Protection, organization and expression of the genetic material. |
Nucleus
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Assembly of ribosomes
Two subunits: rRNA and proteins |
Nucleus
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Network of proteins.
Organizes chromosomes within the nucleus. |
Nuclear matrix
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Double-membrane enclosing nucleus.
Nuclear pores provide passageways. |
Nuclear Envelope
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Nucleus (nuclear envelope)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Also includes plasma membrane. May be directly connected to each other or pass material via vesicles. |
Endomembrane system.
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Network of membranes, flattened, fluid-filled tubules or cisternae.
Encloses the lumen. |
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Has ribosomes
Protein synthesis and sorting. Insertion of proteins into membrane. Glycosylation |
Rough ER (RER)
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