Biology 101 Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes & Seedless Plants Unit 2

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Characteristics of Phylum Hepaticophyta (Liverworts)

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-asexual reproduction:fragmentation: older central portions of thallus die leaving growing tips isolates to form individual plants
-asexuals: gemmae cups: inside are lens-shapes outgrowths called gemmae which are splashed out of cup by water; it can produce a new gametophyte plant if lands in adequate environments

-sexual reproduction: many are dioecious which means spearate male and female plants
-archegoniophores are stalks on female plants bearing archegonia; consists of neck, venter and egg
-antheridiophores are stalks on male plants bearing antheridia
where flagellated sperm form; fertilze egg
-zygote remains in venter and grows into a sporophyte plant

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Characteristics of Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

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-asexual reproduction: fragmentation

-sexual reproduction:most dioecious; archegonia and theridia borne as tops of erect gametophyte or lateral branches
-the apex of stalks of female plants appear as cluster of leaves with archegonia buried inside
-moss sporophytes consiste of capsules located atop stalks, or seta, that extend upward from the moss gametophyte; attached by a foot
-capsule is covered by the calyptra, the upper part of the archegoniom that covers the apex of the capsule; falls off when it matures
-inside capsule are numerous halpoid spores formed by meiosis
-on tip of capsule is caplike operculum; teeth inside capsule control release of spores
-moss spores germinate and form photosynthetic protonema resembling branching filamentous alga; leafy moss plants arise from buds located along protonema

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Characteristics of Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

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-sporophyte is shaped like a long tapered horn that protrudes from flattened thallus; archegonia embedded in the thallus
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Characteristics of Bryophytes

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-include liverworts, mosses and hornworts
-have rootlike structures called rhizoids
-do not posess sepcialized vascular tissues
-relatively small
-plant body called thallus
-distinct alternation of generations; gametophyte is dominant phase

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3 Phyla of Bryophytes

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1. Hepaticophyta -liverworts
2. Bryophyta - mosses
3. Anthocerophyta - hornworts

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2 Phyla of Seedless Vascular plants

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1. Pterophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails)
2. Lycophyta (club mosses)

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Characteristics of Seedless Vascular PLants

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life cycle include both gametophyte and sporophyte; sporophyte phase is dominant
--posess sporophylls: leaflike sstructures of sporophyte generation that bear spores which may be large megaphylls or smaller microphylls
-sporangia form on sporophylls are where spores are produced by meiosis

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Characteristics of Phylum Pterophyta ( Ferns)

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-inhabit almost all environments
-well developed vascular tissues
-have independent sporophyte and stomata
-sori: groups of sporangia form on undersie of fern fronds; may be protected by indusion: specialized outgrowth of frond; meiosis in sporangium produces haploid spores, first stage of gametophyte
-fern spores germinate and form threadlike protonema; more cell division produce heart shaped prothallium
-rhizoids and male/female reproductive organs occur on underside of prothallium; anthridia form and then archegonia
-zygote develops in archegoniom and is dependent on the gametophyte; soon sporophyte becomes leaflike and crushes the prothallium
-fronds of growing sporophyte break through soil in a fiddlehead whicn unrolls to display the frond, a single leaf
-most ferns are homosporous: form one kind of spore that develops into single kind of gametophyte
-heterosporous have two types of spores: megaspores and microspores

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Characteristics of Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses)

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-posess true roots, stems and leaves
-most asexual reproduction occurs via rhizomes
-small modified leaves called sporophylls have spoorangia clustered in strobili (cones) that form at tips of branches