Biology 101 Exam 1

Front 1

Scientific Method Process

Back 1

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Experimental test
6. Collect and Analyze Data
7. Conclusion

Front 2

What do you do at the end of an experiment?

Back 2

If test supports hypothesis, test it again.
If not, change your hypothesis

Front 3

Evolution is...

Back 3

-Slow
-A product of natural selection
-Stemmed by reproduction

Front 4

Evolution is not...

Back 4

- Acquired Traits (Lamarck)
- Purpose driven (no ultimate goal)

Front 5

What is the ultimate energy source?

Back 5

the sun

Front 6

Primary Producers

Back 6

harness energy for everyone to use

Front 7

Ecosystem Process

Back 7

Sunlight (Energy) ---> Producers (5-7%) ---> Heat (90%)
---> Chemical Energy ---> Consumers ---> More Heat

Front 8

Consumers are...
Producers are...

Back 8

Heterotrophs
Autotrophs

Front 9

Give examples of animals in each tier

Back 9

Producers: Flowers
Primary: Cow
Secondary: Baleen Whale
Tertiary: Lion

Front 10

Pyramids of Production

Back 10

Represent the loss of energy in a food chain

10,000 J = Producers
1,000 J = Primary
100 J = Secondary
10 J = Tertiary

Front 11

_________ __________ do not look the same, but have the same _________ ___________

Back 11

Homologous Structures; Evolutionary Ancestor

Front 12

What are the 7 Properties of Life?

Back 12

1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development
4. Energy Use
5. Response
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary Adaptation

Front 13

Science and Technology must work within the same framework as

Back 13

Ethics

Front 14

4 Categories of Symbiosis

Back 14

Commensalism (+/0)
Mutualism (+/+)
Predation (+/0)
Competition (-/-)

Front 15

Name the Levels of Organization

Back 15

1. Atoms
2. Organelle (AOMCTOC)
3. Molecule
4. Cells
5. Tissues
6. Organ
7. Community

Front 16

What are the 3 Domains of Life

Back 16

Bateria (Eubacteria), Archaea, Eukarya

Front 17

What are the 6 Kingdoms of Life

Back 17

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Front 18

What are the characteristics that make organisms living?

Back 18

1. Cellular (unicellular and multicellular)
2. Growth and Development
3. Require Nutrition (Autotrophic and Heterotrophic)
4. Reproductions (asexual and sexual)
5. Response to Stimuli
6. Homeostasis (positive and negative feedback)
7. Mutation
8. Adaptation

Front 19

Negative Feedback

Back 19

accumulation of an end product slows that process

Front 20

Positive Feedback

Back 20

when end products speed up its own reproductions

Front 21

What are the Classes of Life?

Back 21

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

"Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad?"

Front 22

Name the characteristics of viruses

Back 22

1. Acellular
2. Mutation
3. Adaptation

Front 23

Tissues

Back 23

when a group of cells work together in common function

Front 24

Matter can exist in these 3 forms

Back 24

solid, liquid, and gas

Front 25

Elements

Back 25

Different kinds of atoms that cannot be broken down by any chemical reactions

Front 26

Ions

Back 26

charged particles; unlike Hydrogen with 0 charge.

If you mix positive and negative ions they will bond and want to dissolve

if it gains or loses and electron, it is an ion

Front 27

What are the 4 big elements needed for life?

Back 27

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

Front 28

What are the other big 4

Back 28

Phosphorus, Calcium, Sulfur, Potassium

Front 29

Atomic Number

Back 29

The number of protons in that element

Front 30

Mass Number

Back 30

the sum of protons and neutrons

Front 31

Isotopes

Back 31

some atoms (elements) have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element therefore having greater mass

They behave identically in chemical reactions

Front 32

S, P, D, F shells

Back 32

S= first shell, closest to nucleus, low potential energy, 2 electrons
P= second shell, has more potential energy, 8 electrons
D= third shell, most potential energy, 8 electrons

represent ORBITAL LEVEL and ORBITAL SHAPE

Front 33

Atomic weight=

Back 33

Atomic Mass

Front 34

Elements in the same ____ have the same number of shells

Back 34

row

Front 35

Elements in the same column have the same valence and similar _____ _________

Back 35

chemical properties

Front 36

Octet Rule

Back 36

1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6

Front 37

Cation

Back 37

+ because they lost an electron

Front 38

Anion

Back 38

- because they gained an electron

Front 39

Reduction

Back 39

the process of gaining an electron (anion)

Front 40

Oxidation

Back 40

the process of losing an electron (cation)

Front 41

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 41

weak bonds

Front 42

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Back 42

pair of electrons shared equally by two atoms; ex. hydrocarbons

(a balanced stable building block)

Front 43

Polar Covalent Bonds

Back 43

pair of electrons shared unequally by two atoms; ex. in H20 02 has stronger bond to electron

Front 44

Electronegativity

Back 44

the attraction of a specific atom (element) to a covalent bond

Front 45

Cohesion

Back 45

water is sticky; hydrogen bonding between molecules

Front 46

Adhesion

Back 46

bonding between H2O and other substances

capillary action

Front 47

Water Property: Temperature Regulation

Back 47

Water resists changes in temperature.
It takes a lot to heat up
It takes a lot to cool down

Front 48

Water Property: Water is a good Solvent (polar)

Back 48

Solution= solvent (liquid) + solute (material)

Front 49

Aqueous Solution

Back 49

one where water is the solvent

Front 50

Hydrophilic Solutes

Back 50

mixes well with water

Front 51

Hydrophobic Solution

Back 51

does not mix well with water

Front 52

Surface Tension

Back 52

how hard it is to break or stretch a liquid's surface

Front 53

Water Property: Ionization of Water (pH)

Back 53

If H+ = OH- water is neutral
If H+ > OH- water is acidic
If H+ < OH- water is basic

Front 54

Buffer

Back 54

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Gives H+ when needed and takes H- when needed

Front 55

pH affects the ________ of the molecules, which affects the ___________. So, pH affects ___________

Back 55

shape; function; function

Front 56

4 Carbon Compounds

Back 56

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Front 57

Organic Chemistry

Back 57

compounds that are said to have carbon

Front 58

Ways that Carbon can vary: Length

Back 58

Carbon Skeletons can vary in length. They can be chains, or singular.

Front 59

Ways that Carbon can vary: Branched

Back 59

Carbon Skeletons can be branched or unbranched; in a long chain or spread in different parts

Front 60

Ways that Carbon can vary: Double Bonds

Back 60

they can have double or single bonds which vary in location

Front 61

Ways that Carbon can vary: Ring Formation

Back 61

The carbons can be formed in rings, like for glucose, where the carbons are labeled in a hexagonal shape

Front 62

Isomers

Back 62

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structure and this different properties

Front 63

Structural Isomers

Back 63

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms; different location of double bonds

Front 64

Geometric Isomers

Back 64

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Cis Isomer: the two X's are the same side
Trans Isomer: the two X's are on opposite sides

Front 65

Enantiomers Isomers

Back 65

Isomers that are mirror images of each other but differ in shape due to the presence of an (asymmetric carbon), one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

ex. L isomer and D isomer

Front 66

Functional Groups: Hydroxyl

Back 66

(-OH)
Alcohols (Ethanol)
- Is polar because spending time near oxygen atom
- Form Hydrogen bonds with water molecules making it easy to dissolve

Front 67

Functional Groups: Carbonyl

Back 67

(>CO)
Ketones
Aldehydes
- Two different structural isomers with different properties

Front 68

Functional Group: Carboxyl

Back 68

(--COOH)
Carboxylic Acids
- Acts as an acid and can donate H+

Front 69

Functional Group: Amino

Back 69

(-NH2)
Amines
- Glycine, amino acids (in carboxyl and amino)
- Acts as a base and can pick up an H+ from water

Front 70

Functional Groups: Sulfhydryl

Back 70

(-SH)
Thiols
- Can bond to form a covalent bond to help stabilize protein structure
- Maintain the curliness of hair

Front 71

Functional Group: Phosphate

Back 71

(-PO4)
Organic Phosphates
- Highly reactive, lots of negative charge
- Transfer energy between organic molecules

Front 72

Carbohydrate Monosacchrides

Back 72

Aldoses: Glucose (hexose) and Ribose (Pentose)
Kestoses: Ribulose and Fructose (Hexose)

Front 73

Carbohydrate Disacchrides

Back 73

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

Front 74

Carbohydrate Polysacchrides

Back 74

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Front 75

Anabolic

Back 75

reactions build; reduction; reduce O2, Dehydration Synthesis

Front 76

Catabolic

Back 76

reactions breakdown; oxidation; add O2; hydrolysis

Front 77

Starch has a __________ structure

Back 77

Linear

Front 78

GLycogen has a ___________ structure

Back 78

Branched

Front 79

Phospholipids

Back 79

They contribute to making cell membranes; has two fatty acids attached to a Glycerol instead of three; they can form bilayers because they have a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

Front 80

Steroids

Back 80

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings