Biology 101, Chapters 1-3

Front 1

theories

Back 1

concepts that are supported by a broad range of observations and conclusion

Front 2

Two qualities of a Hypothesis

Back 2

1) Must Be Testable
2) Must be Falsifiable

Front 3

standard error

Back 3

shows range of error in your data

Front 4

Four most important elements

Back 4

1) Carbon
2) Nitrogen
3) Oxygen
4) Hydrogen

Front 5

atomic numbers

Back 5

all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons

Front 6

mass number

Back 6

the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Front 7

isotope

Back 7

one of the several atomic forms of an element

Front 8

radioactive

Back 8

when the atom loses subatomic particles and emits radiation

Front 9

compound

Back 9

a bond between two different types of atoms

Front 10

covalent bonding

Back 10

atoms share electrons

Front 11

ionic bonding

Back 11

ions are attracted to each other by opposite charges

Front 12

polar

Back 12

combonations of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically

Front 13

Five propertis of H2O

Back 13

1) liquid at room temperature
2) temperature changes slowly, preventing sudden/drastic changes
3) high heat of vaporization
4) Frozen H2O is less dense; it can float
5) Molecules are cohesive, yet flow freely

Front 14

acids

Back 14

substances that dissociate in water and release H+

Front 15

bases

Back 15

take up H+ atoms OR release OH- ions

Front 16

4 Molecules of Life

Back 16

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Front 17

Example of a polysaccharide

Back 17

Starch

Front 18

glycogen

Back 18

storage carbohydrate in animals

Front 19

starch

Back 19

storage carbohydrate in plants

Front 20

Lipids
(2 points)

Back 20

- store long term energy
- assist in cell membrane structure

Front 21

emulsiication

Back 21

process of dispersing

Front 22

hydrolisis

Back 22

puts in water molecules

Front 23

dehydration

Back 23

takes away water molecules

Front 24

saturated fats

(3 points)
(example?)

Back 24

- no double bonds

- all carbons have maximum hydrogens

-solids

ex) butter

Front 25

unsaturated fats

(3 points)
(example?)

Back 25

- double bond

- two carbons lose a hydrogen

- liquids

ex) oil

Front 26

Phospholipids

(3 points)

Back 26

- contain a pH group insteadof a third fatty acid

- polar head
- nonpolar tail

Front 27

steroids

(2 points)
(example?)

Back 27

- structurally different than most lipids

- backbone is four fused carbon rings

ex) cholesterol

Front 28

Six functions of Protiens, EXAMPLES!

Back 28

1) Support
- hair, fingernails

2) Enzymes
- help speed up chemical reactions

3) Tansport
- active transport
- channel carriers

4) Defense
- make up antibodies

5) Hormones
- insulin

6) Motion
- contractions of muscles

Front 29

Four components of protiens

Back 29

1) amino acid group
2) acid group
3) central carbon w/a hydrogen
4) R-group

Front 30

peptide bonds

Back 30

covalent bonds between amino acids

Front 31

emulsiication

Back 31

process of dispersing

Front 32

hydrolisis

Back 32

puts in water molecules

Front 33

dehydration

Back 33

takes away water molecules

Front 34

saturated fats

(3 points)
(example?)

Back 34

- no double bonds

- all carbons have maximum hydrogens

-solids

ex) butter

Front 35

unsaturated fats

(3 points)
(example?)

Back 35

- double bond

- two carbons lose a hydrogen

- liquids

ex) oil

Front 36

Phospholipids

(3 points)

Back 36

- contain a pH group insteadof a third fatty acid

- polar head
- nonpolar tail

Front 37

steroids

(2 points)
(example?)

Back 37

- structurally different than most lipids

- backbone is four fused carbon rings

ex) cholesterol

Front 38

Six functions of Protiens, EXAMPLES!

Back 38

1) Support
- hair, fingernails

2) Enzymes
- help speed up chemical reactions

3) Tansport
- active transport
- channel carriers

4) Defense
- make up antibodies

5) Hormones
- insulin

6) Motion
- contractions of muscles

Front 39

Four components of protiens

Back 39

1) amino acid group
2) acid group
3) central carbon w/a hydrogen
4) R-group

Front 40

peptide bonds

Back 40

covalent bonds between amino acids

Front 41

polypeptide bonds

Back 41

three or more amino acids bonded together

Front 42

Four levels of organization for protien structure

Back 42

1) Primary
2) Secondary
3)Tertiary
4) Quaternary

Front 43

Four components of nucleic acids

Back 43

1) 5 carbon sugar
2) nitrat group
3) nitrogen containing base
4) nucleotide

Front 44

endocytosis

Back 44

part of the plasma membranne evelops a substance/fluid

Front 45

exocytosis

Back 45

vesiles fuse with plasma membrane and secrete molecules

Front 46

chromatin

Back 46

combonation of DNA molecules and proties that make up chromosomes

Front 47

nuclear envelope

Back 47

separates nucleus from the cytoplasm

Front 48

ribosomes

Back 48

organelles composed of rRNA and protiens that start protien synthesis

Front 49

Five parts of the Endomembrane system

Back 49

1) nucleur envelope
2) ER
3) golgi apparatus
4) lysosomes
5) vesicles

Front 50

What is the benefit of compartmentalization?

Back 50

seperates the different chemical reactions

Front 51

autodigestion

Back 51

cell pats themselves get broken down

Front 52

golgi apparatus

(2 points)

Back 52

- modifies protiens/lipids

- foms vesicles/lysosomes

Front 53

lysosomes

Back 53

use hydrolitic enzymes to break down substances

Front 54

microtubules

(3 points)

Back 54

- LARGE protien fibres

- contain tubulin

- regulated by centrosome

Front 55

intermediate filaments

(2 points)

Back 55

- smaller than microtubules

- structure/function depends on the cell type

Front 56

actin filaments

(3 points)

Back 56

- SMALEST

-long, thin fibre bundles of the protein Actin

- microvilli and movement

Front 57

cillia

Back 57

short, hair-like projections

Front 58

flagella

(example)

Back 58

slender, long projections that propel cells through fluids

ex) sperm

Front 59

junctions

Back 59

help cells stay connected by connecting their tissues

Front 60

Name three types of juncitons

Back 60

1) adhesion junctions
2) tight junctions
3) gap junctions

Front 61

cellular respiration

Back 61

converts chemical energy

Front 62

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 62

C6H12O6 + O2 --> H2O + CO2

glucose + oxygen converted to water and carbon dioxide

Front 63

substrates

Back 63

reactants tat partcipate in a reaction with an enzyme

Front 64

active sites

Back 64

specific regions where the substrates are brought together so they can react

Front 65

coenzymes

(example?)

Back 65

non protein molecules that assist enzymes by accepting atoms/electrons

ex) vitamins

Front 66

Name the three pathways of cellular respiration

Back 66

1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle
3) electron transport chain

Front 67

Glyclosis
- what goes in?
- what comes out?
- Location?

Back 67

- In: 6 carbon glucose molecule

- Out: 2 pyruvates

- Location: cytoplasm

Front 68

Citric Acid Cycle
- what goes in?
- what comes out?
- Location?

Back 68

- In: 2 pyruvates

- Out: carbon dioxide

- Location: matrix

Front 69

Electrion Transport Chain
- what goes in?
- what comes out?
- Location?

Back 69

- In: carbon dioxide

- Out: water

- Location: cristae