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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosynthesis
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-is used by plants, some protists, and some bacteria
-transforms light energy into chemical energy -uses carbon dioxide and water as starting materials -the chemical energy produced via photosynthesis is stored in the bonds of sugar molecules -sunlight provides the energy -electrons are boosted uphill and added to carbon dioxide -sugar is produced -water is split into hydrogen and oxygen -hydrogen is transferred along with electrons and added to carbon dioxide to produce sugar -oxygen escapes through stomata into the atmosphere |
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Chloroplasts
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-the site of photosynthesis
-found mostly in the interior cells of leaves -chemical factories powered by the sun -convert solar energy into chemical energy |
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Thylakoids
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-membraneous sacs inside chloroplasts
-concentrated in stacks called grana -suspended in stroma |
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Stroma
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-a thick fluid
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Chlorophyll
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-a light-absorbing pigment
-gives the green color to chloroplasts |
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Stomata
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-tiny pores in leaves where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
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1st Stage of Photosynthesis
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-light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy
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2nd Stage of Photosynthesis
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-Calvin Cycle
-uses the products of the light reactions to make sugar from carbon dioxide |
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Sunlight
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-a type of energy called radiation or electromagnetic energy
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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-the full range of radiation
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Chlorophyll A
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-absorbs mostly blue-violet and red light
-participates directly in the light reactions |
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Chlorophyll B
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-absorbs mostly blue and orange light
-participates indirectly in the light reactions |
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Carotenoids
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-absorb mainly blue-green light
-participate indirectly in the light reactions -absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that might damage chlorophyll -change of color in leaves |
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Photons
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-discrete packets of energy
-light behaves as photons -chlorophyll molecules absorb photons -electrons in the pigment gain energy -as the electrons fall back to their ground state, energy is released as heat or light |
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Photosystem
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-a group of chlorophyll and other molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna
-two types of photosystems cooperate in the light reactions: the water-splitting photosystem and the NADPH-producing photosystem -light reactions are located in the thylakoid membrane |
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Electron Transport Chain
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-connects the two photosystems
-releases energy that the chloroplast uses to make ATP |
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The Calvin Cycle
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-functions like a sugar factory within the stoma of a chloroplast
-regenerates the starting material with each turn |
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C3 Plants
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-use CO2 directly from the air
-are very common and widely distributed |
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C4 Plants
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-close their stomata to save water during hot and dry weather
-can still carry out photosynthesis |
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CAM Plants
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-are adapted to very dry climates
-open their stomata only at night to conserve water |
