Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cell was first observed by _
|
Robert Hooke in 1665
|
|
|
_ later described cells that could move
|
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
|
|
|
_ are dynamic, moving living systems
|
cells
|
|
|
Early microscopes provided data to established the _
|
cell theory
|
|
|
Cell theory
|
all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells
|
|
|
the most frequently used microscope is the _
|
light microscope (LM)
|
|
|
LM works by
|
-light passes through specimen through glass lenses into viewers eye
-specimens can be magnified 1000 times |
|
|
_ used to view ultrastructure cells
|
electron microscope
|
|
|
EM can see as small as _ and magnify up to _
|
2 micrometers
100,000 times |
|
|
EM uses _ instead of light
|
electrons
|
|
|
_ are the smallest of all cells require magnifications up to _
|
bacteria
1000x |
|
|
_ and _ cells are 10 times larger than most bacteria
|
plant
animal |
|
|
_ is important for carrying out the cell's functions such as acquiring adequate nutrients and oxygen
|
surface area
|
|
|
bacteria and archaea are _ cells
|
prokaryotic
|
|
|
all other type are _
|
eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
both cells contain
|
plasma membrane
chromosomes ribosomes |
|
|
four life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend on structure and organells
|
-manufacturing
-breakdown of molecules -energy processing -structural support, movement and communication |
|
|
Manufacturing involves the _
|
nucleus
ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus |
|
|
breakdown of moelcules involves
|
lysosomes
vacuoles peroxisomes |
|
|
Energy processing involves _ in animal cells and _ in plant cells
|
mitochondria
chloroplasts |
|
|
ATP occurs in
|
mitochondria and chloroplasts
|
|
|
Structural support, movement and communication involve
|
cytoskelton
plasma membrane cell wall |
|
|
_ are not found in plant cells
|
lysosomes
centrioles |
|
|
plant cells have _ not found in animal cells
|
rigid cell wall
chloroplasts vacuole |
|
|
The plasma membrane controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
|
selective permeability
|
|
|
membranes are made of
|
lipids
proteins some carbs phospholipids |
|
|
phospholipids form a two layer sheet called a
|
phospholipid bilayer
|
|
|
_ face outward
|
hydrophilic
|
|
|
_ point inward
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
_ are attached to the surface and some are embedded in to the phospholipid bilayer
|
proteins
|
|
|
_ controls the cells activities and is responsible for inheritance
|
nucleus
|
|
|
inside a complex of proteins and DNA called _
|
chromatin
|
|
|
_ makes up the cells chromosomes
|
chromatin
|
|
|
_ is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division
|
DNA
|
|
|
_ is a double memebrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus
|
nuclear envelope
|
|
|
Nucleur envelope is attached to _
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
_ are involved in the cell's protein synthesis
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
Ribosomes are synthesized in the _, which is found in the nucleus
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
some ribosomes are _
|
free ribosomes
|
|
|
Free ribosomes are suspended in the _
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
bound ribosomes are attached to the _ associated with the nucleru envelope
|
Endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are physically connected and compose the _
|
Endomembrane system
|
|
|
the endomembrane system includes the
|
nucleor envelope
ER golgi lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane |
|
|
some components of the endomembrane system are able to communicate with other with formation and transfer od small membrane segments called _
|
vesicles
|
|
|
communication results in _
|
synthesis
storage export of molecules |
|
|
there are two kinds of endoplamis reticulum
|
smooth
rough |
|
|
smooth ER lacks attached _
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
rough ER lines the _
|
outer surface of membranes
|
|
|
_ is involved in a variety of diverse metabolic processes
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
_ makes additional membrane for itself and proteins destined for secretion
|
rough ER
|
|
|
once protein are synthesized, they are
|
transported in vesicles to endomembrane system
|
|
|
_ functions in conjuction with the ER by modifying products of the ER
|
golgi apparatus
|
|
|
products travel in _ from the ER to the _
|
transport vesicles
golgi apparatus |
|
|
one side of the golgi apparatus functions as a _ and the other as a _
|
receiving dock
shipping dock |
|
|
_ is a membrane sac containig digestive enzymes
|
lysosome
|
|
|
the enzymes and membrane are pdoruced by the _
|
ER
|
|
|
the membrane serves to _ these potent enzymes from the rest of the cell
|
safely isolate
|
|
|
One of the several functions of lysosomes is to _ or _ damaged parts of a cell
|
remove
recycle |
|
|
damaged organelle is first _
|
enclosed in a membrane vesicle
|
|
|
then a lysosome fuses with vesicle _
|
dismantling and breaking down content
|
|
|
_ are membranous sacs that are found in a variety of cells and possess an assortment of functions
|
vacuoles
|
|
|
central vacuole are located in _
|
plants
|
|
|
contractile vacuoles are located in _
|
protists
|
|
|
cellular respiration is accomplished in the _
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
cellular respiration involves conversion of chemical energy in _ to chemical energy in _
|
foods
ATP |
|
|
mitochondria have _ internal compartments
|
2
|
|
|
_ are the photosynthesizing organells of plants
|
chloroplasts
|
|
|
chloroplasts are partioned into compartments
|
stroma
thylakoids grana |
|
|
mitochondria and choloplasts have
|
DNA
ribosomes |
|
|
the hypothesis of _ proposes that mitochondira and choloplasts were formely small prokaryotes that began living with larger cells
|
endosymbiosis
|
|
|
cell contain a network of protein fibers called
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
cytoskelton function as
|
cell structural support and motility
|
|
|
motility and cellular regulation result when the cytoskelton inteacts with proteins called
|
motor proteins
|
|
|
the cytoskeleton is composed of three fibers
|
microfilaments
intermediate filaments microtubules |
|
|
_ actin filaments- support the cells shape and are involved in mobility
|
microfilaments
|
|
|
_ reinforce cell shape and anchor organells
|
intermediate filaments
|
|
|
_ tubulin- shape the cell and act as tracks for motor protein
|
microtubules
|
|
|
most important and diverse of cytoskelton
|
microtubles
|
|
|
some protists have _ which are important in locomotion
|
flagella and cilia
|
|
|
other purposes for flegella and cilia
|
cells that sweep mucus out of lungs
animal sperm flgelated |
|
|
_ propels a cell by an undulating, whiplike motion
|
flagellum
|
|
|
works like oars of a crew boat
|
cilia
|
|
|
_ and _ have a common struture and mechanism of movement
|
flagella
cilia |
|
|
both flagella and cilia are made of _ wrapped in extension of the plasma membrane
|
microtubules
|
|
|
_ a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubles
|
9+2
|
|
|
cilia and falgella move by bending motor proteins called
|
dynein arms
|
|
|
cells synthesize and secret the _ that is essential to cell function
|
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
the ECM is composed of
|
strong fibers of collagen, which protects the plasma membrane
|
|
|
ECM attaches through connection proteins that bind to membrane proteins called _
|
integrins
|
|
|
integrins span the _ and connect to _
|
plasma membrane
microfilaments |
|
|
adjacent cells communicate, interact and adhere though _
|
specialized junction
|
|
|
_ prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
|
tight junctions
|
|
|
_ fasten cells together into sheets
|
anchoring junctions
|
|
|
_ allow molecules to flow between cells
|
gap juncitons
|
|
|
plant cells are composed primarily of _
|
cellulose
|
|
|
plant cells have cell junctions called
|
plasmodesmata
|
