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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon based molecules are called_
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organic compounds
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_ is one if the simplest organic compounds
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Methane (CH4)
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Methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called _
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hydrocarbons
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A chain of carbon atoms is called a _
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carbon skeleton
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Carbon skeleton can be _ or _
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branched
unbranched |
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Different compunds with the same molecular formula can be produced _
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isomers
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an organic compound has unique properties that depend upon _
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-size and shape of the molecules
-groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it |
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_ affects a biological molecule's function in a characteristic way
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functional group
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Compounds containing functional groups are _
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hydrophilic
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_ group consist of hydrogen bonded to oxygen
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hydroxyl group
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a _ group- a carbon linked by a double bond to oxygen atom
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carbonyl
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_ group- consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group
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carboxyl
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_ group- composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton
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amino
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_ consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
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phosphate
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An example of simlar compounds that differe only in functional groups is _
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sex hormones
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male and female sex hormones differe only in _
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functional groups
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the difference in sex hormones cause _
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vaired molecular actions (male/female features)
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four classes of biological molecules
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carbohydrates
proteins lipids nucleic acids |
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the four classes of biological molecules contain _
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very large molecules
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They are often called _ because of their large size
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macromolecules
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they are also called _ because they are made from identical building blocks strung together
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polymers (smaller joining molecules)
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Building blocks are called _
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monomers
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Proteins are made of only _ different amino acids and DNA is built from just four kinds of nucleotides
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20
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Monomers are linked together to form polymers through _ which remove water
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dehydration reaction
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Polymers are broken apart by _ , the addition of water
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hydrolysis
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All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by _, which speed up chemical reactions
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enzymes
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monosacchrides include
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glucose
fructose galactose |
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glucose and fructose have a skeleton that is _ long
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six carbons
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_ are the main fuels for cellular work
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glucose
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_ are also used as raw materials to manufacture other organic molecules
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monosacchrides
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Two monosaccharedies (monomers) can bond to form a _ in a dehydration reaction
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disacchride
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sucrose is formed by _ and _ forming
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fructose
glucose |
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because fructose is sweeter than glucose, glucose atoms produced are rearranged to make the glucose isomer _
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fructose
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_ are polymers of monosaccharides
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polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides can function as _ or _
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storage molecule
structure compound |
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_ is a storage polysacchride composed of glucose monomers and found in plants
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starch
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_ is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is hydrolized by animals when glucose is needen
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glycogen
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_ is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls
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Cellulose
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_ is a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskelton
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chitin
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Polysaccharides are _
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hydrophilic
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Lipids are important in _
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energy storage
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Lipids contain twice as much energy as _
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polysacchride
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Fats are lipids made from _ and _
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glycerol
fatty acids |
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Fatty acids link to glycerol by _
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dehydration reaction
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A fat contains one glycerol linked to _ fatty acids
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3
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Fats are ofteh called _ because of their structure
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triglycerides
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Some fatty acids contain _
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double bonds
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double bonds causes bends in the carbon chain because the maximum number of _ cannot bond to the carbons at the double bond
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hydrogen atoms
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double bonds are called _ fats because they have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens
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unsaturated
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Fats with maximum number of hydrogens are _ fats
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saturated
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Phospholipids are structurally similar to _ and are important component of _
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fats
cells |
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_ are in contact with the water of the enviornment and internal part of the cell
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hydrophilic heads
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_ in the center of the bilayer
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hydrophobic tails
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_ are lipids composed of fused ring structures
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steroids
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_ is an example of a steroid that plays a significant role in the structure of the cell membrane
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cholesterol
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cholesterol is the compound from which we synthasize _
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sex hormones
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_ are synthetic variants of testoterone that can cause a buildup of muscle and bone mass
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anabolic steroids
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Anabolic sterois can lead to _
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liver damage and cancer
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A _ is a polymer built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomer
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protein
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Protein have unique structures that are directly related to their _
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functions
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_, proteins that serve as metabolic catalysis, regulate the chemical reactions within cells
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enzymes
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_ provide associations between body parts and _ are found within muscle
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structural proteins
contractile proteins |
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_ proteins include antibodies of the immune system
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defensive
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_ proteins are best exemplified by the hormones
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signal
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_ serve as antenna for outside signals
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receptor
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_ proteins carry oxygen
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transport
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amino acids have _ and _
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amino group
carboxyl group |
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amino group and carboxyl group are _ bonded to a central carbon
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covalently
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also bonded to C is a _ and some other chemical group _
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hydrogen atom
symbolized by R |
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amino acids are classified by _ or _
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hydrophobic
hydrophilic |
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Some amino acids have _ and _
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non polar R
hydrophobic |
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others have a _ and are _
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polar R
hydrophilic |
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the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is called _
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tertiary structure
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tertiary structure generally results from interactions between the _
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R groups of the various amino acids
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_ are covalent bonds that further strenghten the proteins shape
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disulfide bridges
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Two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associate providing _
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quatemary structure
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_ is an example of a protein with quartery structure
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collagen
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_ gives great strength to connective tissue, bone, tendons and ligaments
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triple helix
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DNA and RNA are composed of monomoers
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nucleotides
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nucleotides include
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-five carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
-phosphate group -nitrogenous base |
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_, a polynucleotide, forms from the nucleotide monomers when the phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide
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nucleic acid
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two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form a _
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DNA double helix
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A pairs with
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T
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C pairs with
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G
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RNA is usually a _
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single polynucleotide strand
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a particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called a _
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gene
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Most DNA molecules consist of _ base pairs
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million
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_ determine the structure of protein
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Genes
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