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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an organic molecule?
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1. formed by living organisms
2. have carbond based core with attached atoms called functional groups |
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What is a functional group?
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1. Groups of atoms attached to the core of an organic molecule.
2. Functional group confers specific chemical properties on the organic molecule. |
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What are the 5 Functional Groups?
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1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl 3. Carboxyl 4. Amino 5. Phosphate |
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Where are the 5 functional groups found?
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1. Hydroxyl- Carbohydrates
2. Carbonyl- Lipids 3. Carboxyl- Proteins 4. Amino- Proteins 5. Phosphate- DNA, ATP |
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What are macromolecules know as and why?
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The building materials of the body because they can be very large.
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What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
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1. Proteins
2. Nucleic Acids 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids |
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What are macromolecules assembled from?
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Monomers
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What is a monomer?
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Simple molecules that can join together to form polymers.
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What is a polymer?
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Assembled chain of monomers.
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A single cell is composed of how many atoms?
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Trillions
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What is dehydration synthesis?
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1. how polymers are assembled.
2. Covalent bond formed when (OH) is removed from one subunit and (H) from another. (H2O is being removed) Pg. 51 |
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What is Hydrolysis?
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Disassembling polymers by adding H2O to break the covalent bond.
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What are proteins?
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1. Complex macromolecules that are polymers made of amino acids. (Polypeptide)
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What is an amino acid?
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Amino acids are small molecules with a simple basic structure, a carbon atom to which three groups are added:
an amino group (—NH2) a carboxyl group (—COOH) a functional group (R) * func. groups gives amino acids their chemical identity |
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What kind of bond links 2 amino acids to form polymers?
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peptide bond
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What is a polypeptide?
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long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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How many different types of amino acids are there?
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20
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What are 2 important things about the proteins structure?
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1. sequence of the amino acids affects how the protein folds together
2. the way that a polypeptide folds to form the protein determines the protein’s function |
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Are some proteins comprised of more than 1 polypeptide?
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Yes
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What are the 4 general levels of protein structure?
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1. Primary
2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary |
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What is primary structure of proteins?
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sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain determines ALL other levels
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What is secondary structure of proteins?
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Forms because regions of the polypeptide that are nonpolar are forced together; hydrogen bonds can form between different parts of the chain.
-The folded structure may resemble coils, helices, or sheets |
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What is tertiary structure of proteins?
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Final 3-D shape of the protein.
Twists and folds that lead to this shape are the result of polarity differences in regions of the polypeptide. |
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What is quaternary structure of proteins?
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Spatial arrangement of proteins comprised of more than one polypeptide chain.
pg 54 |
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The shape of a protein can affect its __________.
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Function
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
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Protein unfolding (hydrogen bonding affected) due to:
Temperature or lower pH levels |
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What are some example of denaturing of protein?
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Frying an egg or brain damage by increased temperature.
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Is denatured protein active or inactive?
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Inactive
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What is the shape and function of an enzymes?
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1. Globular proteins, 3-D shape and fit precisely with another chemical.
2. causes the chemical they fit with to have a reaction which is called catalysis. |
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What is catalysis?
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When an enzyme causes another chemical to have a chemical reaction
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What are chaperone proteins and what do they do?
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Special proteins which help other proteins with the folding process. Chaperone proteins can correct misfolded protein.
Ex. of chaperone protein looks like a washing machine. |
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What can defective chaperone proteins play a role in?
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Genetic disorders like Cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer's
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What are nucleic acids?
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1. Type of macromolecule.
2. Very long polymer that stores info 3. Comprised of nucleotides |
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What are nucleotides?
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-Monomers (single unit of nucleic acid) composed of 3 parts:
1. a five carbon sugar 2. a phosphate group 3. an organic nitrogen-containing base |
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What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
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1. a five-carbon sugar
2. a phosphate group 3. an organic nitrogen-containing base |
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How many different types of nucleotides are there?
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5
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What are the 5 nucleotide bases?
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1. Adenine
2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine (DNA only) 5. Uracil (RNA only) |
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What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
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DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- Ribonucleic Acid |
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What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
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RNA
1. uses uracil instead of thymine 2. comprised of just one strand 3. has a ribose sugar |
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What is the structure of DNA?
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Double Helix
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What does Adenine pair with?
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Thymine
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What does Cystosine pair with?
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Guanine
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Why is the structure of DNA a double helix?
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1. because only 2 base pairs possible (A/T or C/G)} 2.aligned by hydrogen bonds holding base pairs together
3. sugar-phosphate backbone gives support |
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How does the structure of DNA help it to function?
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hydrogen bonds of the base pairs can be broken to unzip the DNA so that info can be copied.
-each strand of DNA is a mirror image so that the DNA contains two copies of the information -having two copies means that the information can be accurately copied and passed to the next generation |
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Why doesn't Adenine pair with Guanine?
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Polarity
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Why doesn't Adenine pair with Cytosine?
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size
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What are carbohydrates?
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Macromolecules that make up the structural framework of cells and play a critical role in energy storage.
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What elements does a carbohydrate contain?
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C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio
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What are the sizes of carbohydrates?
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1. Simple- 1 or 2 monomers
2. Complex- long polymers |
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What is a simple carbohydrate with only 1 monomer called? Give an ex.
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monosaccharides
ex. glucose (C6:H12:O6) |
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What is a simple carbohydrate with 2 monosaccharides? Give an ex.
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Disaccharides
Ex. sucrose which is glucose+fructose |
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What are complex carbs?
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long polymer chains called polysaccharides
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Complex carbs contain what which make them good for storing energy?
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many C-H bonds which are broken by organisms to obtain energy
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