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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Correctly lists levels of organization from simplest to most complex |
Biosphere, atoms, communities, organisms |
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What's the difference between a eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not |
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An "educated guess" as to what causes an observed phenomenon is known as a__ |
Hypothesis |
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Bacteria moving away from a chemical is known as ____ |
Chemotaxis |
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Which of the following is not an abiotic part of an ecosystem? |
Cell |
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The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks? |
Conducting experiments |
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Logic used in hypothesis-based science is called? |
Deductive reasoning |
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You have formulated a hypothesis: "Mangos contain more vitamin C than oranges." To test your hypothesis you measure vitamin C levels in 20 Oranges and 20 mangoes from trees that were grown in the same orchard under the same environmental conditions. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? |
Vitamin C levels |
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What is the atomic number of an element that has 43 protons and 50 neutrons |
43 |
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Which type of chemical bond holds water molecules together with other water molecules? |
Hydrogen bonds |
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Which of the following statements is true? |
Ionic compounds and polar molecules can readily dissolve in water. |
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____ are atoms that have gained or lost electrons. |
Ions |
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What type of chemical bond holds the Na+ and Cl- ions together in table salt? |
Ionic bonds |
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Zinc is abbreviated Zn. How many protons does zinc have? |
30 |
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How many electrons does a neon atom have in its 2nd shell? |
8 |
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A substance with a pH greater than 7 is _____, while a substance with a pH less than 7 is _____. |
Basic, acidic |
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What are two atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic mass, called? |
Isotopes |
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Carbohydrates are not: |
Made mostly of nitrogen and carbon |
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Each of the following items is a lipid except ____. |
Cellulose |
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What are the monomer 'building blocks' that make up protein? |
Amino acids |
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A protein's function is dependent on its ____. |
Shape |
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Destruction of a protein's shape is called _____. |
Denaturation |
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DNA nucleotides include ___. |
Thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine |
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What do you get when you combine two monosacchrides? |
Disacchride |
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The movement of water through a semi permeable membrane is know as____. |
Osmosis |
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Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? |
Bacteria |
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Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have |
A membrane bound nucleus |
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Which is not a component of the cytoskeleton? |
Integral protein |
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What would happen if a cell's lysosomes burst? |
The cell would digest itself |
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If you place a blood cell in a beaker filled with a concentrated salt solution, what would happen? |
Water would flow out of the blood cell. |
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The movement of substances across a cell membrane that requires energy is called? |
Active transport |
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What is the name of the process by which a cell will uptake large molecules from the extracellular fluid? |
Endocytosis |
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What is the function of the mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell? |
Production of ATP, cellular respiration |
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What is the function of the peroxisome in the eukaryotic cell? |
Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids |
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What is the the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in the eukaryotic cells? |
Modifies proteins, synthesizes lipids and serves as a channel for transport. |
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A virus is composed of genetic material and ____? |
Protein capsid |
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Genetic material in bacteria is found in a region known as the ___? |
Nucleoid |
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Which of the following is not a category of shape for bacteria? |
Cuboid |
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Bacteria reproduce asexually by ___ |
Fission |
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Some bacteria have additional loops of DNA called ___ |
Plasmids |
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Ticks can carry bacteria that cause ___ |
Lyme disease |
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The dead sea contains what type of archaea? |
Halophiles |
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Not a major type of protists |
Chlamydians |
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Plausible effect of taking oral antibiotics.. |
The antibiotics could unintentionally kill good bacteria living in the intestines, leaving you more susceptible to infection pathogenic bactetia |
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An ideal antibiotic damages only bacteria cells but not human cells. Which of the following cellular structures would be a good target for antibiotics? |
Cell wall |
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Prokaryotic cells sometimes have ____ that allows it to attach to surfaces in the environment |
Pili |
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Organelles are suspended in a gel-like substance called___ |
Cytosol |
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The plasma membrane carries ____ which are attachment sites for specific substances that interact with the cell |
Receptors |
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Junctions between plant cells that contain numerous channels between the adjacent plant cells are called? |
Plasmodesmata |
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What is a chemical reaction called that builds new and larger molecules from smaller starting molecules |
Anabolism |
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Aerobic cellular respiration equation: |
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water +ATP |
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In which of the following steps of glucose metabolism is the greatest number of ATP molecules produced? |
Electron transfer phosphorylation |
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What happens to the glucose molecule in glycolysis? |
It is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules |
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CO2 +H2O+light energy --> C6H12O6+O2 What does C6H12O6+O2 stand for |
A simple carbohydrate, such as glucose |
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In which reaction is CO2 required? |
The Calvin cycle where carbon fixation occurs |
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The body will convert to the process of fermentation when ___ |
There is insufficient oxygen |
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Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important in cells? |
It stores energy in an easily accessible form that can be used to do work. |
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What is ATP? |
The cell's principle molecule for energy transfers |
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A chemotherapy drug stops DNA replication. In which part of the cell cycle does it inhibit cell division? |
S phase |
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Which of the following statements about mitosis and meiosis is "NOT" true? |
The cells resulting from meiosis are diploid and the cells resulting from mitosis are haploid |
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Which part of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide? |
Cytokinesis |
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The loss of cellular regulation processes can lead to cancer. T or F |
True |
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In mitosis, the cell cycle results in the production of ___. |
2 cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information |
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During the gastrulation phase of an embryo development, the cells begin a process of becoming different from each other. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? |
Differentiation |
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In meiosis 1 and 2, how do the two cycles differ? |
The homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis 1 |
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In humans _____ |
Fertilization produces a diploid zygote |
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What is the improper separation of chromosomes during cell division called? |
Nondisjunction |
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The centrosome gives rise to the ____ |
Mitotic spindle |
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Mutated _____ genes have been identified in more than half of all human tumor cells |
p53 |
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The tight pairing of homologous chromosomes is called |
Synapsis |
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The detachment, 180 degree rotation, and reinsertion of part of a chromosome is know as ____ |
Chromosome inversion |
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The cell division process of prokaryotes is called ___ |
Binary fission |
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Before cellular respiration can continue, pyruvate is converted into ____ |
Acetyl CoA |
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The most common trisomy is that of chromosome 21 which leads to ____? |
Down's syndrome |
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Why did the F¹ offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? |
One phenotype was completely dominant over another |
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Which of the crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? |
AA X aa |
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What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? |
A dihybrid cross involves two genes while a monohybrid cross involves only one. |
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A woman with blue eyes (bb) and a man with brown eyes (Bb) had a child. What is the percentage chance that the child will have blue eyes? |
50% |
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The Rr is the organisms ____; red is the organisms _____; and the organism is _____. |
Genotype; phenotype; and heterozygous |
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Why are males more often affected by sex-linked traits than females? |
Males only have one X chromosome |
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What is epistasis? |
One gene masking or interfering with the expression of another gene |
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What is polygenic inheritance? |
One trait is controlled by many genes |
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Which of the following statements about blood type is correct? |
The inheritance of blood type in humans is an example of codominance |
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An example of an X-linked trait in humans: |
Hemophilia |
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If one person had AB, and their spouse has O, what are the possible blood types for their offspring? |
Type A or B |
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A normal female who is heterozygous for colorblindness marries a man who has normal vision. What are the possibilities for their sons? |
50:50 for each trait |
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Out of 16 possibilities, how many mice will be albino from the following parents: AaCc x AaCc |
4 |
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What enzyme is crucial for separating DNA strands at the replication fork? |
Helicase |
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Which base pairs with cytosine? |
Guanine |
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Which of the following is not a component of a DNA nucleotide? |
Deoxyglucose |
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What 2 major steps are involved in protein synthesis? |
Transcription and translation |
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What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing DNA chain during replication? |
DNA polymerase |
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The process of producing mRNA using a gene on the DNA as a template is called: |
Transcription |
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The area of the DNA that has separated to allow for replication is known as the ____ |
Replication fork |
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Because mistakes can be made during replication, proofreading occurs to correct errors. The type of collection that repairs whole nucleotide is called ____ |
Nucleotide excision |
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DNA replication is__ |
Semi-conservative |
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In the process of translation |
A polypeptide chain of amino acids is formed as dictated by the nucleotide sequence in mRNA |
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In the process of translation, the amino acids are attached to _______ which arranges them to form specific proteins |
tRNA |
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Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from_____ |
DNA to mRNA |
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In the reproductive cloning of an animal, what cell type is used as the source of the genome of the cloned animal? |
A somatic (non-gamete) cell |
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Which of the options listed below describes a small circular strand of DNA that can serve carry a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell? |
A plasmid |
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What is a genetically modified organism (GMO) |
An organism with artificially altered genes |
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The use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce new compounds or perform new function is know as: |
Biotechnology |
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To manipulate DNA, it must first be _____ from cells |
Extracted |
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Which molecule is analyzed most frequently because it represents the protein-coding genes that are being expressed in the cell? |
mRNA |
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A technique used to separate charged molecules on the size and charge is known as |
Gel electrophoresis |
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The first cloned agricultural animal was a |
Sheep |
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Scientists will sometimes mutate, delete , or cause a gene to over express itself in order to determine the function of that particular sequence. This process is called |
Reverse genetics |
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Until biotechnology provided an alternate way to produce insulin, it was extracted from pigs, sometimes resulting in an allergic reaction in humans. To combat this insulin is now produced by ___ |
E. Coli bacteria |
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The artificial introduction of DNA into plant cells is more challenging than in animal cells because of their |
Thick plant cell wall |
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The first GM crop to be introduced into the market was |
FlavrSavr tomatoes |
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The study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species is known as |
Genomics |
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A set of protein with altered expression levels is called a |
Protein signature |
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics was a theory proposed by |
Lamarck |
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Natural selection can only take place if there is_____ among individuals in a population |
Variation |
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A heritable trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment is called |
Adaptation |
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The wings of a hummingbird and an ostrich are examples of |
Homologous structures |
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When a small portion of the population leaves to start a new population in a new location carrying a genome that is not typical of the previous population it is called |
Founder effect |
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The formation of two species from one original species is called |
Speciation |
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A change in alleles due to individuals migrating in or out of a population |
Gene flow |
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If a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms, this is called |
Vicariance |
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Whether or not a trait is favorable depends on |
Enviroment at the time |
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A change in the genome due to a disaster results in |
Bottleneck effect |
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A change in DNA sequence that introduces genetic variation is |
Mutation |
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Critical factors influencing community dynamics are the components of its physical environment (climate,elevation,and geology) which includes all of the following except a habitat's____ |
Organisms |
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The most common ecosystem is _____ |
Marine |
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The SPEED at which an ecosystem RECOVERS after being disturbed is called |
Resilience |
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Less than __% of fresh water is present in lakes and rivers. |
1 |
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Not one of the 6 most common elements associated with organic molecules (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and hydrogen): |
Potassium |
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Seasonal changes in day length and temperature occur because _____ |
The Earth's axis is tilted about 23° |
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Organisms that feed off dead remains and waste are called ___ |
Detritivores |
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A rain shadow exists mostly on the ______ side of mountains. |
Leeward |
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Scrub forest found in California and the Mediterranean is known as____ |
Chaparral |
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The most diverse terrestrial biome with large rainfall and high equatorial temperatures |
Tropical rain forest |
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Biomes that occur where a river, a source of fresh water, meets the ocean is called ____ |
Estuaries |
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Wetland plants, found in swamps, are rooted in the soil but have portions of leaves, stems, and flowers extending above the water's surface are called _____ |
Emergent vegetation |
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Species that naturally live in an area, and usually only live in that location, are called ____ |
Endemic |
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Species that are restricted to one location are at _______ risk of extinction |
Greater |
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The core threat to biodiversity is the increasing _________ which puts a strain on resources to maintain it |
Human population |
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Reintroducing native species into their native area is called |
Habitat restoration |
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The increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic level is ___ |
Biomagnification |
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Development of medicine and other useful materials falls under which category of biodiversity |
Chemical |
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Many kinds of organisms in many different habitats becoming extinct in a relatively short period due to human activity is known as____ |
Mass extinction event |
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Norway and other countries are storing thousands of _______ in an effort to preserve them for the future generations and prevent extinction |
Seeds |
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Deforestation causes all of the following (loss of plants, soil erosion, affects rainfall patterns) except ____ |
Lower soil temperatures |
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A major secondary pollutant is_____ |
Ozone |
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In 1987, countries worldwide agreed to phase out production of _____ and other ozone-destroying chemicals |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
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The first step to prevent extinction came with _____ in 1890 |
The establishment of national parks |
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Invertebrates do not have a_______ |
Backbone |
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Which is not a type of body plan used to classify invertebrates? |
Whether it has a brain or not |
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Nerve cells that come together to function as a group are called _____ |
Ganglia |
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Animals that are able to replace new body tissues or a whole new organism from only a few cells have the ability to _____ |
Regenerate |
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Which one of the following groups in not a cnidarian? |
Tapeworm |
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Animals that have soft bodies are in which phylum? |
Mollusca |
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Snails and slugs have curved teeth known as a ____ |
Radula |
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Which of the following is not an example of an echinoderm? |
Jellyfish |
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An example of a cephalochordate is a _____ |
Lancet |
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A warm-blooded animal is called an |
Endotherm |
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An example of a cartilaginous fish is |
A shark |
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Which fish was thought to be extinct? |
Coelacanth |
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Amphibians get their name because they _____ |
Live in water and on land |
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A characteristic that is unique to amphibians is that they _______ |
Absorb oxygen in water through their skin |
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Which of the following is not a reptile? |
Salamander |
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Birds belong to which class? |
Aves |
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Which of the following mammals had a pouch? |
Marsupials |
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Fungi have root-like, long filaments known as ______ |
Hyphae |
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The type of fungi that produce cup-like structures belong to which group? |
Ascomycota |
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Imperfect fungi do not have ______ |
A sexual stage |
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A symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae is called ______ |
Lichen |
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Non vascular plants are called ______ |
Bryophytes |
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Which vessel carries water from the ground up? |
Xylem |
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The reproductive structure of a gymnosperm is called a ______ |
Cone |
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Which of the following is not a fruit |
Pecan nut |
