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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biotechnology?
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Use of living things for "practical" purposes.
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What are the goals of biotechnology?
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Better understand inheritance and gene expression; better understanding and treatment of diseases; generate social and economic benefits
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What are some social and economic benefits of biotechnology?
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Improve plants and animals for agriculture; efficient production of biomolecules
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What is DNA recombination?
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The transfer of genetic material between organisms.
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Can DNA recombination happen only in the same species or in different species?
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Both
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What is a transgenic organism?
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One that expresses DNA from another species.
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What are some ways DNA recombination can occur naturally?
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Sexual reproduction, bacterial transformation, viral transfer of DNA
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What is a plasmid?
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A small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria.
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What kind of genes can plasmids carry?
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Genes that assist in survival in certain environments (like antibiotics)
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Where do restriction enzymes cut DNA?
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At palindromes.
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What are the "scissors" in DNA recombination?
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Bacterial restriction enzymes
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What is the "paste" in DNA recombination?
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DNA ligase
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What can be used as a vector in DNA recombination?
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bacterial plasmids, viruses, yeast cells, other cells
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What are the 4 steps in DNA technology?
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Identify genes of interest; isolate genes of interest; produce many copies of that gene; use it
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How are several copies of a gene made?
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Using plasmids and bacteria; polymerase chain reactions (PCR)
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What is evolution?
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Change in proportion of genotypes in a population from one generation to the next; descent of modern organisms with modifications from preexisting life forms
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What are the 3 major scientific assumptions?
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all events can be attributed to natural causes; explanations don't invoke diety; natural laws apply at all places and all time; people perceive events in similar ways
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What are the characteristics of scientific theories?
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They are general statements about how things operate; derived through a large body of evidence; survive through challenges; never permanent or final “truth”; used to make predictions
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What are some misconceptions about scientists and evolution?
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Scientists PROVE things; evolution is “just a theory”; the theory of evolution attempts to explain the origin of life on this planet; science vs. religion; intelligent design is a scientific theory
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How did evolutionary thought evolve?
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Large amount of biological diversity discovered around the world; fossils showed different organisms lived in the past; the world is very old; conclusion: organisms evolve
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What evidence did the discovery of fossils provide?
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All organisms had not been created at one time with no change in form over time.
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What is natural selection?
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The unequivocal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptations.
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How does natural selection work?
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It selects from what is available in the gene pool; new genes are not created on demand.
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What are analogous structures?
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Those with similar functions and superficially similar appearances, but different anatomies
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What are homologous structures?
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Those that may differ in function but have similar anatomies
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What are vestigial structures?
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Have no apparent purpose but are homologous to functional structures in related organisms
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What is the universal genetic code?
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DNA
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Approximately how many amino acids do all life forms use to make protein?
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20
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What is the primary form of cellular energy for all life forms?
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ATP
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What do all life forms use RNA and ribosomes for?
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making protein
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What are 2 kinds of non-random mating?
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assertive mating and dominance
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What is assertive mating?
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A preference for mates that are similar to oneself
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What is dominance mating?
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Only a few dominant males have reproductive access
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What is sexual selection?
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Choice of mates by one's sex is a selective agent
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How does natural selection work?
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Acts on individual’s phenotype; changes gene frequencies within a population; survival of the fittest; fitness means ability to reproduce; physical fitness (strength) may help, but isn’t everything
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What are the 3 types of natural selection?
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direction, stabilizing, disruption
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What are the forces of natural selection?
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biotic and abiotic factors
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What is coevolution?
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constant mutual feedback between two species
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What were the conditions on early Earth like?
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No free oxygen
Frequent storms with lots of lightening Frequent volcanic eruptions Frequent meteor impact UV light from the sun No ozone layer |
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How old is Earth?
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About 4.6 billion years
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How do we know how old Earth is?
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Through radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks
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When did life arise on Earth?
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About 3.8 billion years ago
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How would you assemble a living thing?
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Accumulate organic molecules
Catalyze reactions Reproduce from stored genetic info Separate the living thing from the outside environment |
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Which came first, DNA, RNA, or protein?
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Ribozymes (probably)
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What is/was a ribozyme?
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An RNA molecule that could catalyze reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and processing of RNA itself
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What were the first living organisms on Earth?
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Anaerobic prokaryotes -- archaea and bacteria
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What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?
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Certain organelles, especially chloroplasts and mitochondria, arose as mutually beneficial associations between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells and captured bacteria that lived within the cytoplasm of the pre-eukaryotic cells.
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What evidence supports the endosymbiosis hypothesis?
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Distinctive biochemical features shared by eukaryotic organelles and living bacteria
Mitochondria and chloroplast each contain their own genomes Modern intracellular symbiosis |
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When did the first multicellular organisms appear?
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About 1 billion years ago
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What sort of cells DO NOT have a nuclear envelope?
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Prokaryotic
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X-chromosomal recessive means
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Only the mother's chromosomes (x's) are carriers -- the mother does not display the phenotype
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What have all species on Earth evolved from?
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A single anaerobic prokaryote ancestor
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What did Earth's earliest cells use to store genetic information?
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RNA
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What organelles do eukaryotic cells contain?
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chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
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Why do leaves appear to be green?
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The color green is not absorbed by the leaves.
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Uncharged, unpolar molecules (like fats or oils) usually do not dissolve in water and are called
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Hydrophobic
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Polymers of amino acids are joined together by a _______ bond to form a _______ .
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peptide, protein
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Ribozymes are:
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RNA enzymes
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What were Earth's first organisms?
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anaerobic prokaryotes
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The origin of eukaryotic cells is best explained by...
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the endosymbiont hypothesis
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The subunits that make up large biological molecules almost always join together by a reaction that removes water called...
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dehydration synthesis
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The __ amino acids can be grouped into three classes based on their _______ .
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20, R group
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Water, with its charged ends, is an example of a ...
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polar molecule
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A polymer of many monosaccharides is called...
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polysaccharide
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Lucy is a female skeleton of the species...
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Australopithicus aferensis
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Prebiotic soup refers to...
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a mixture of organic materials
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___________ and ____________ each contain their own genomes.
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mitochondria, chloroplasts
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What causes genetic variation in a population?
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genetic drift
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The gene pool for a particular gene is...
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all the alleles for a particular trait in all the individuals in a population
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Founder populations may quickly become very different from the parent population in a similar habitat due to...
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genetic drift
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Imagine a population of monkeys in South America whose habitat has been reduced to the point where only 25 monkeys survive. This is an example of...
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population bottleneck
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If within a large population no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all matings are random and there is no change in the environment, what will happen?
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No evolution will occur.
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The oldest homo sapiens fossils are about ______ years old.
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195,000
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Using PCR to amplify a single gene, how many copies of the gene would be present after 30 cycles?
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over a billion
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Evolution by natural selection was developed by:
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Darwin and Wallace
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The fossil record has generated _________ record of all of Earth's ancestral species.
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an incomplete
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What selects from what is available in the gene pool?
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Natural selection
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E. coli and A. tumefaciens are examples of
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bacteria that can cause sickness in plants and animals, and are also used in biotechnology
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Genetically modifed Bt plants are:
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usually safe to eat
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PCR is a method can can be used to
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isolate and amplify DNA, and perform genetic screens
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A transgenic organism...
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expresses DNA from another species
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RFLP stands for:
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restriction fragment length polymorphism
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In what organisms does DNA recombination occur in nature?
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bacteria, animals, viruses
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What are the 3 steps of PCR, in order?
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denaturing, annealing, extending
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What causes cystic fibrosis?
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a defect in a protein that pumps sodium ions.
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Can genetic engineering produce new genes that have never existed on Earth?
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yes
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What are stem cells?
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undifferentiated cells that can divide and give rise to potentially hundreds of human cell types.
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