Biology 1001 Exam 1

Front 1

why is a hydroxide ion negatively charged?

Back 1

bc it has gained an electron from the hydrogen atom

Front 2

pure water contains _____ concentrations of hydrogen ions and hyrodixde ions.

Back 2

equal

Front 3

if the concentration of H+ exceeds the concentration of OH-, the solution is _____

Back 3

acidic

Front 4

a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water.

Back 4

acid

Front 5

what happens when HCl is added to pure water?

Back 5

almost all of the HCl molecules separate into H+ and Cl-.

Front 6

A substance that combines with hydrogen ions, reducing their number.

Back 6

base

Front 7

the degree of acidity is expressed on the _____.

Back 7

ph scale

Front 8

what is neutrality on the ph scale?

Back 8

7, equal numbers of H+ and OH-

Front 9

acids have a ph ____ 7.

Back 9

below

Front 10

bases have a ph ____7.

Back 10

above

Front 11

small increases or decreases in ph may cause....

Back 11

drastic changes in both the structure and function of biological molecules, leading to the death of cells or entire organisms.

Front 12

compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant ph by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration.

Back 12

buffer

Front 13

what happens if blood becomes too acidic?

Back 13

bicarbonate accepts H+ to form carbonic acid

Front 14

what happens if blood becomes too basic?

Back 14

carbonic acid liberates hydrogen ions, which combine w/ the excess hydroxide ions, forming water.

Front 15

why are subfreezing temp. within the body usually lethal?

Back 15

spearlike ice crystles can rupture cells

Front 16

temperature reflects the speed of what?

Back 16

molecules

Front 17

the ____ the temperature, the ____ the molecule's average speed.

Back 17

higher, greater

Front 18

true/false
it requires more energy to heat water than it does to heat most other substances

Back 18

true

Front 19

the energy required to heat a gram of a substance by 1 celsius is called its....

Back 19

specific heat

Front 20

heat required to vaporize water is called...

Back 20

heat of vaporization

Front 21

true/false
ice is more dense than liquid water?

Back 21

false- ice is less dense

Front 22

what are the 3 domains of living organisms?

Back 22

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Front 23

no nucleus, small simple organisms, prokaryotic organisms

Back 23

bacteria

Front 24

extreme ophiles-->live in extreme conditions. single, simple cells

Back 24

archaea

Front 25

inside the cell is a nucleus, includes membrane organelles, much bigger than prokaryotic cells.

Back 25

eukarya

Front 26

what are the major subdivisions of eukarya?

Back 26

animalia, plantae, protists, and fungi

Front 27

use photosynthesis to make their own energy (plants)

Back 27

autotrophs

Front 28

eat organisms for energy (humans)

Back 28

heterotrophs

Front 29

the unifying theory of biology

Back 29

evolution

Front 30

the scientific theory derived from what..?

Back 30

observation and experiments

Front 31

what is the evolutionary process?

Back 31

1. genetic variation/ competition among variants
2. not all survive
3. adaptive characteristics inherited

Front 32

a bacterial cell in the human body with a genetic variation that allows it to survive when the person takes antibiotics is an example of what..?

Back 32

natural selection

Front 33

parts of molecules, the basic structural unit of matter (the smallest pieces of stuff)

Back 33

atom

Front 34

positive charge

Back 34

proton

Front 35

negative charge

Back 35

electron

Front 36

no charge

Back 36

neutron

Front 37

an element is defined by the number of ____?

Back 37

protons

Front 38

the number of protons in a molecule tells us what?

Back 38

the atomic number

Front 39

what is the atomic mass?

Back 39

number of protons + number of neutrons

Front 40

what is the building up principle?

Back 40

electrons fill the shell closest to the nucleus, then begin to occupy the next shell

Front 41

how many electrons can the first shell hold?

Back 41

2

Front 42

how many electrons can the 2nd and 3rd shell fill?

Back 42

8

Front 43

ionic bonding is an attraction between...

Back 43

ions

Front 44

sodium has 1 electron in its outer shell, chlorine has 7, sodium can lose 1 electron to make chlorine's outershell full. what type of bonding is this?

Back 44

ionic

Front 45

makes up arthropod exoskeletons and fungus cell walls. polymer with glucose subunits and N-containing functional groups

Back 45

chitin

Front 46

what are lipids?

Back 46

1. fats, oils, and waxes
2. phospholipids
3. steroids

Front 47

what are the 2 characterisitcs of lipids?

Back 47

1. large regions with mostly C and H; nonpolar
2. hydrophobic; insoluble in water

Front 48

is the head of a phospholipid polar or non polar?

Back 48

polar

Front 49

is the tail of a phospholipid polar or non polar?

Back 49

non polar

Front 50

true/false
heads of phospholipids are hydrophobic?

Back 50

false- they are hydrophilic

Front 51

hydrophobic membrane core

Back 51

where 2 phospholipid tails meet (tails hate water, heads love water)

Front 52

what are phospholipids made of?

Back 52

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 polar group

Front 53

what hormones are steroids?

Back 53

estrogen and testosterone

Front 54

in a biological membrane, the phospholipds are arranged with the fatty acid chains facing the interior of the membrane. as a result, the interior of the membrane is....

Back 54

hydrophobic

Front 55

amino acid polymers

Back 55

protein

Front 56

proteins play many roles in cells...what are they?

Back 56

enzymes, hormones, structure, defense

Front 57

what are amino acids made of?

Back 57

1 amino group, 1 carboxyl group, 1 "R" group

Front 58

true/false
amino acids are molecular subunits of proteins

Back 58

true

Front 59

amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form...?

Back 59

polypeptides

Front 60

different sequence of amino acids make...

Back 60

different proteins

Front 61

what are the levels of protein structure?

Back 61

primary: sequence
secondary: coiling
tertiary: bending
quarternary: 2 or more chains together

Front 62

you have identified a protein that is unable to form disulfide bridges. this would affect which of the following?

Back 62

tertiary structure of protein

Front 63

nucleotide polymers that function in genetics and cell control

Back 63

nuceleic acids

Front 64

ATP is a..?

Back 64

energy carrier

Front 65

what are nucelotides made of?

Back 65

5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and N-containing base

Front 66

glucose is to starch as _____ is to _____.

Back 66

amino acid; protein

Front 67

what are 3 memrane functions?

Back 67

1. selectively isolates inside of the cell from the outside
2. regulates exchange of substances in and out of the cell
3. facilitates communication with other cells

Front 68

what are the membrane proteins?

Back 68

1. transport proteins
2. recognition proteins

Front 69

regulates movement through membrane

Back 69

transport proteins

Front 70

what are 3 types of transport proteins?

Back 70

1. channel proteins
2. carrier proteins
3. receptor proteins

Front 71

proteins that punch a hole through membrane

Back 71

channel proteins

Front 72

trigger cellular response when specific molecules attach

Back 72

receptor proteins

Front 73

ID tags and attachment sites

Back 73

recognition proteins

Front 74

what is a type of recognition protein?

Back 74

glycoprotein

Front 75

movement down concentration gradient, no energy required

Back 75

passive transport

Front 76

water moves through differentially permeable membrane

Back 76

osmosis

Front 77

molecules move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration; down concentration gradient. after time concentrations become equal

Back 77

diffusion

Front 78

what are the 3 effects of osmosis?

Back 78

istonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Front 79

"cell eating", cell englufs large particles

Back 79

phagocytosis

Front 80

"cell drinking", cell englufs extracellular fluid

Back 80

pinocytosis

Front 81

the cytoplasm of a certain cell, such as a neuron, already has a high concentration of K+ ions. How can K+ ions enter the cell?

Back 81

active transport

Front 82

strengthen attachment between cells and holds tissues together

Back 82

desmosomes

Front 83

prevent leakage between cells

Back 83

tight junctions

Front 84

cell to cell channels connecting adjacent cells. only in animals

Back 84

gap junctions

Front 85

channels through plant cell walls connecting adjacent cells

Back 85

plasmodesmata

Front 86

the electrical signal for a muscle to contract passes rapidly from one muscle cell to the next way of ____.

Back 86

gap junctions

Front 87

covalent bond

Back 87

when an atom with a partially full shell becomes stable by sharing electrons with another atom

Front 88

solutions that have a higher concentration of dissolved particles than does a cell's cytoplasm, and thus causes water to leave the cell by osmosis

Back 88

hypertonic

Front 89

concentration of water inside the cell is the same as concentration on the outside of cell, so there is no tendency for water to enter or leave the cell

Back 89

isotonic

Front 90

solutions that have a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell's cytoplasm, and thus cause water to enter the cell by osmosis

Back 90

hypotonic

Front 91

what happens when red blood cells are put into pure water (hypotonic solution)?

Back 91

they will swell and eventually burst

Front 92

what happens when red blood cells are put into a hypertonic solution?

Back 92

cells will shrivel up until the concentrations of water inside and outside the cell become equal

Front 93

outer surfaces of the cells of bacteria, plants, fungi, and some protists are covered with non living, typically stiff coatings called....

Back 93

cell walls

Front 94

cell walls are produced by....

Back 94

the cells they surround

Front 95

what do plant cells secrete though their plasma membrane, forming the primary cell wall?

Back 95

cellulose

Front 96

a layer made of primarily pectin, that joins the primary cell walls of adjacent cells

Back 96

middle lamella

Front 97

what does pectin solidify?

Back 97

jelly

Front 98

the structure that governs the interactions that occur between a cell and its external environment is the...

Back 98

plasma membrane

Front 99

acts as a gate keeper, allowing only specific substances in or out and passing chemical messages from the external environment to the cell's interior

Back 99

plasma membrane

Front 100

_____ form compartments in which specialized biochemical activities can occure

Back 100

internal membranes

Front 101

____ are responsible for the isolating function of membranes

Back 101

lipids

Front 102

____ regulate the exhange of substances and communication with the environment

Back 102

proteins

Front 103

the head of a phospholipid is?

Back 103

polar and hydrophilic

Front 104

a phospholipid is?

Back 104

non polar and hydrophobic

Front 105

consists of all a cell's internal contents (including all the organelles except the nucleus, in eukaryotes), mostly made of water

Back 105

cytoplasm

Front 106

most biological molecules, including salts, amino acids, and sugars, are polar and water soluble, and so are _____.

Back 106

hydrophilic

Front 107

in most animal cells, the phospholipid bilayer of membranes also contains ______.

Back 107

cholesterol

Front 108

what are some ways that cholesterol affects membrane structure and function?

Back 108

1. it makes the bilayer stronger
2. more flexible but less fluid
3. less permeable to water soluble substances such as ions and monosaccharides

Front 109

glycoproteins

Back 109

proteins that are embedded within or attached to the surface of a membrane's phospholipid bilayer

Front 110

regulates the movement of hydrophilic molecules through the plasma membrane

Back 110

transport proteins

Front 111

form pores or channels that allow small water-soluble molecules to pass through the membrane. specific to potassium, sodium, and calcium

Back 111

channel proteins

Front 112

have binding sites that can temporarily attach to specific molecules on one side of the membrane

Back 112

carrier proteins