Biology 100- Review For Exam #2

Front 1

A measure of how low blood sugar changes when you eat carbohydrates.

Back 1

Glycemic Index

Front 2

A lipid having three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone. They are the body's most abundant lipids and richest energy source. Compared to complex carbohyrdates, they yield more than twice as much energy, gram for gram, when they are broken down.

Back 2

Triglyceride

Front 3

The trans fatty acids are _________ or ______ ________.

Back 3

"hydrogenated" or partially saturated

Front 4

What is the general rule of thumb?

Back 4

"White" carbs, such as potatoes, rice, flour, bread are not good. They are high glycemic index.

Front 5

Carbs that you only need to worry about.

Back 5

Net carbs

Front 6

What are the functions of lipids?

Back 6

1. Concentrated energy source (e.g. gram for gram more energy than carbohydrate but it's also more calories).
2. Structural
3. Hormones
4. Insulation

Front 7

What is the overall chemistry of lipids?

Back 7

They are all hydrophobic.

Front 8

Fatty acid chains saturated with carbon. The chain is straight. Most are solid at room temperature. These are fats we want to avoid. Least healthy. Examples?

Back 8

Saturated fats; e.g. butter, lard, steak, animal fats.

Front 9

One spot in chain where hydrogen is missing. Chain are bent; they can't pack tightly in a solid form. Examples? Considered the healthy option.

Back 9

Monounsaturated fats; e.g. olive oils, peanut oil, sesame oiil, canola oil, avocado.

Front 10

More than one place its missing. Oils/liquids are chain bent. They are "okay" for health.

Back 10

Polyunsaturated fats; e.g. vegetable oil, corn oil, sofflower oil.

Front 11

Human made; not naturally occuring in food. Created by starting with polyunsaturated fats and adding hydrogens to oil. What three things also happen?

Back 11

Trans fat
1. Makes it solid
2. Increases shelf life/fresher
3. It can change the taste (i.e. McDonalds fries).

Front 12

The main components of cell membranes; has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic "head" with a phosphate group- a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms- and another polar group.

Back 12

Phospholipid

Front 13

Components of membranes and precursors of steroid hormones and other vital molecules; they are among the lipids that have no fatty acid tails and have four fused-together carbon rings. Examples?

Back 13

Steroids; e,g, sex hormones, vitamin D, anabolic sterols

Front 14

Made in the liver. Came from an animal = has ________.

Back 14

Cholesterol

Front 15

Cholesterol moves in your blood. What's the problem? And what are the two main carriers?

Back 15

Problem: It's hydrophobic. Carriers transport cholesterol in blood. Two main carriers are HDL & LDL.

Front 16

Good. Carries cholesterol from cells in body TO the liver; gets rid of cholesterol.

Back 16

HDL

Front 17

Bad. Carries cholesterol from liver to the cells in body, then deposits some in the arteries, which leads to clogged arteries and high blood pressure.

Back 17

LDL

Front 18

Saturated fats _________ LDL.

Back 18

increase

Front 19

Monounsaturated fats _________ LDL- healthy.

Back 19

lower

Front 20

Trans fats _______ LDL AND ______ HDL- no benefits!

Back 20

increase LDL and lower HDL

Front 21

Fiber _______ LDL.

Back 21

lowers

Front 22

Exercise _________ HDL.

Back 22

increases

Front 23

Moderation consumption of alcohol _______ HDL.

Back 23

increases

Front 24

Smoking ________ HDL.

Back 24

lowers

Front 25

A lot carb diet is ____________ and ___________.

Back 25

high in HDL and low in blood triglycerides

Front 26

One class of experimental drugs, called _______, dramatically reduced the amount of "bad" (LDL) cholesterol carried in the blood. It interrupts the metabolic pathway in the liver that creates cholesterol. It can lower a person's LDL by up to 60% & triglycerides by 25%.

Back 26

Statins

Front 27

In _______ ______ _______, a section of a large vessel taken from the chest is stitched to the aorta and to the coronary artery below the affected region.

Back 27

Coronary bypass surgery

Front 28

In ______ ________, laser beams vaporize the plaques.

Back 28

laser angioplasty

Front 29

In ______ _________, a small balloon is inflated inside a blocked artery to flatten a plaque and increase the artery's diameter.

Back 29

balloon angioplasty

Front 30

ATP is a _________.

Back 30

nucleotide

Front 31

Small organic compound with a sugar, at least one phosphate group, and a base. Purpose: They store/transfer/express genetic information.

Back 31

nucleotide

Front 32

ATP has ____ phosphate groups attached to its sugar. ATP can readily transfer a phosphate group to many other molecules in the cell, providing the acceptor molecules with the energy they need to enter into a reaction.

Back 32

ATP

Front 33

Nucleic acid which contains the guar deoxyribose and consists of two strands of nucleotides, twisted together in a double helix.

Back 33

DNA

Front 34

Usually a single strand of nucleotides.

Back 34

RNA

Front 35

Proteins are polymers of _____ ____.

Back 35

amino acids

Front 36

Proteins are ________ of weight of your tissue.

Back 36

10-20%

Front 37

Consists of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Back 37

protein

Front 38

When peptide bonds joinn three or more amino acids, we have a _____ ____. The backbone of each chain incorporates nitrogen atoms in this regular pattern:

Back 38

polypeptide chain; -N-C-C-N-C-C-

Front 39

What are the different classes of protein?

Back 39

1. Structural (e.g. collagen)
2. Some hormones
3. Involves in transport
4. Antibodies
5. Enzymes

Front 40

____ amino acids are made by your body, ____ come in our food, which are called "______ _____ _____."

Back 40

10; 10; "essential amino acids"

Front 41

Speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Nearly all of them are proteins.

Back 41

Enzymes

Front 42

An enzyme has at least one _____ _____, a surface crevice where the enzymen and a substrate interact. This is where the substrate binds.

Back 42

active site

Front 43

Any substance that enters a reaction.

Back 43

substrate

Front 44

________ is converted into ______.

Back 44

Substrate is converted into product.

Front 45

An orderly sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells maintain, increase, or decrease the concentrations of particular substances.

Back 45

Metabolic pathway

Front 46

The 3d shape of a protein will change if what two things happen?

Back 46

1. Change amino acid sequence
2. Environment changes

Front 47

A cell's membranes consist mostly of ________, which are arranged in a bilayer.

Back 47

phospholipids

Front 48

Boundary of cell. Can let certain things in and out. Regulates inside of cell as to what can get in.

Back 48

Cell membrane

Front 49

What is the cell membrane made of (four things)?

Back 49

1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Proteins
4. Carbohydrates

Front 50

What are the functions of proteins and glycoproteins in the membrane?

Back 50

1. Adhesion molecules (helps cells stick to other cells)
2. Transport molecules (moves substances in or out of the cell)
3. Recognition molecules (immune system)
4. Receptor molecules

Front 51

Controls substances, signals into and out of cell; helps maintain cytoplasmic composition, volume.

Back 51

Plasma membrane

Front 52

Modifies, sorts, ships new proteins and lipids for use in cell or for export. Modifies polypeptide chains.

Back 52

Golgi body

Front 53

Specialized for digestion, helps recycle materials. Often, lysosomes fuse with vesicles that have formed at the plasma membrane.

Back 53

Lysosome

Front 54

Modifies new polypeptide chains; synthesizes lipids. Routes and modifies newly formed polypeptide chains.

Back 54

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 55

Forms many ATP during aerobic respiration. Powerhouse of cell energy.

Back 55

Mitochondrion

Front 56

Contains the cell's DNA. Organizes DNA molecules, separates them from cytoplasmic machinery.

Back 56

Nucleus

Front 57

Forms shape of cell. Allow movement inside the cell (like railroad tracks). Allows the cells to move.

Back 57

Cytoplasm with cytoskeletal proteins

Front 58

Assemble polypeptide chains.

Back 58

Ribosomes

Front 59

In _______ ("moving out of a cell"), a vesicle moves to the cell surface and the protein-studded lipid bilayer of its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane. While this vesicle is losing its identity, its contents are released to the surroundings.

Back 59

Exocytosis

Front 60

Transports and modifies proteins. Consists of flattened sacs and tubs studded with ribosomes. On them every new polypeptide chain is manufactured.

Back 60

Rough ER

Front 61

Lipid metabolism; detoxifies (liver makes a lot of this). Has no ribosomes and curves through the cytoplasm like connecting pipes.

Back 61

Smooth ER

Front 62

In _________ ("coming inside a cell"), a cell takes in substances next to its surface. A small indentation forms at the plasma membrane, balloons inward, and pinches off. The resulting vesicle transports its contents or stores them in the cytoplasm.

Back 62

Endocytosis

Front 63

Genetic disease common in Eastern European Jews (1 in 30 odds). Missing 1 enzyme in the lysosome Symptoms?

Back 63

Tay Sachs Disease
Symptoms:
-Baby starts to lose some of muscle functions. Nerves not getting signal because fatty material is building. This will get to the point where baby is paralyzed.

Front 64

Inside the nucleus are ___ chromosomes, which equate to _______.

Back 64

46; 23 pairs.

Front 65

As a cell grows, one or more dense masses appear within its nucleus. Each mass is a _________, a construction site where certain RNAs and proteins are combined to make the subunits of ribosomes. The subunits eventually will pass through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm. There, subunits join briefly to form intact ribosomes.

Back 65

Nucleolus

Front 66

Usually the longest phase of the cell cycle is ________. During this three-part phase, a cell increases its mass, roughly doubles the number of components in its cytoplasm, then duplicates its DNA.

Back 66

Interphase

Front 67

The amount of time from when a cell divides until it divides the next time.

Back 67

Cell cycle

Front 68

What is the order of the cell cycle?

Back 68

G1 - S - G2

Front 69

Interval of cell growth, before DNA replication (chromosomes unduplicated).

Back 69

G1

Front 70

Interval of cell growth, when DNA replication is completed (chromosomes duplicated).

Back 70

S

Front 71

Interval following DNA replication; cell prepares to divide.

Back 71

G2

Front 72

Cytoplasmic division; the splitting of a parental cell into two daughter cells. Usually begins toward the end of anaphase.

Back 72

Cytokinesis

Front 73

A group of genetically idential cells.

Back 73

Clone

Front 74

Of mitosis, the stage when each duplicated chromosome starts to condense, microtubules form a spindle apparatus, and the nuclear envelope starts to break up.
-Chromosomes condense
-Nuclear membrane disappears
-Centrioles migrate to the poles
-Spindle fibers form

Back 74

Prophase

Front 75

The stage when each duplicated chromosome has become positioned at the midpoint of the microtubular spindle, with its two sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
-Chromosomes lineup in middle of cell.

Back 75

Metaphase

Front 76

The stage at which microtubules of a spindle apparatus separate sister chromatids of each chromosome and move them to opposite spindle poles. During
-Centiomere split
-Sister chromoatids are pulled apart

Back 76

Anaphase

Front 77

The final stage when chromosomes decondense into threadlike structures and two daughter nuclei form.
-Cell returns to interphase state (reverse of prophase)
-Chromosomes uncoil, stretch out
-Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
-Spindle fibers disappear

Back 77

Telophase

Front 78

Mitosis occurs in four consecutive stages, called _______, _______, ______, and _______.

Back 78

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 79

Type of nuclear division that maintains the parental chromosome number for daughter cells. It is the basis of bodily growth and, in many eukaryotic species, asexual reproduction.

Back 79

Mitosis