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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polygenic inheritance
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many genes determine a single trait
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nondisjunction
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improper separation of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I or sister chromatids in anaphase II
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Mutation
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a random heritable change in the DNA
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point mutation
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changes at the scale of a single or very few nucleotide pairs
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significance of mutations
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ultimate source of genetic variation
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evolution
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change in allele frequencies in a population over time
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natural selection
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differential resource capturing and reproductive success among better adapted individuals versus less well adapted individuals
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Stabilizing Selection
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selects against extremes, ex: human birth weight
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Directional Selection
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selects against one extreme, ex: resistance against antibotics by infectious diseases
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Diversifying Selection
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favors both extremes, population average slected against
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gene flow
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movement of alleles within and between populations
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genetic drift
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changes in allele frequencies due to chance events
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non-random mating
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slection of mating partners NOT random
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natural selection
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survival of the fittest
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macroevolution
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large scale patterns of change in species over long periods of time
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convergent evolution
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different genetic lines from geographically distinct locations which independently evovle similar adaptations in response to similar environmental conditions (cacti & euphorbs)
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co-evolution
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a response in one organism leads to a response in another
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pre-zygotic
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reproductive isolating mechanism, occurs before the zygote is formed
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post-zygotic
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after the zygote is formed, an isolating mechanism
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biodiversity
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the product of speciation over geologic time
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extinction
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a natural phenomenon but modern rates far exceded background rates averaged over time
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recombinant DNA
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recombining DNA from different organisms
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restriction enzyme
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chemical "scissors" cut DNA at precise points
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DNA ligase enzyme
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chemical "glue" use to spice sticky ends of DNA together
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Vector
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mechanism for transferring foreign DNA into a host cell, ie plasmid
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Metabolism
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the acquisition and processing of matter and energy
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flow of biological information
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replication of DNA-transmission of genetic info-gene expressed
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process of evolutionary change
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genetic variation x natural selection x (genetic drift)= adaptation
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independent variable
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item of interest
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dependent variable
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measures the effect of the independent variable
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protons
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positively charged particle located in the nucleus
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neutrons
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particle lacking an electrical charge located in the nucleus
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electrons
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negatively charged particle located in the energy levels
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water
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polar-covalent, has a partial positive and partial negative charge, horms hydrogen bonds
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covalent bond
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sharing of electrons, bonding between atoms to form molecules
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polar
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equal sharing
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nonpolar
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unequal sharing
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hydrogen bonds
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based on positive & negative electrical charges, bonding between molecules
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basic attributes of the biologically important elements
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1. small in size
2. outer energy levles only partially filled 3. chemically reactive 4. readily combine using covalent bonds, to form large, complex molecules |
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monomer
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small subunit, hooked together to form polymer
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polymer
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monomers hooked together
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functions of CHOs
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storage, transport, glucose
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characteristics of prokaryotic cells
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small, primitive, simple, reproduce by binary fission
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characteristics of eukaryotic cells
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larger and more structurally complex than prokaryotes, evolutionarily advanced, produce asexually and sexually, include fungi, animals, plants, protists
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Nucleus, limited to eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
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eukaryotic
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Mitochondria, in prokaryotes?
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no, only in eukaryotic cells
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Chloroplast, in eukaryotic?
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Yes, limited to eukaryotes
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Ribosome, common to both?
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Yes, pro & euk
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Do all cells have a cell membrane?
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Yes
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Ecology
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the study of interactions among organisms with one another and the abiotic environment
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population
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group of individuals capable of interbreeding
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communities
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all of the life in a given area
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ecosystems
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all of the life and abiotic sources, interactions in a given area
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density-dependent factors
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predators, competition for food
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density-independent factors
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fires, volcanic activity, freezing
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primary succession
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starts from nothing
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secondary succession
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begins with a community already in place
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simple diffusion
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high to low
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osmosis
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movement of water from high to low
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facilitated diffusion
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high to low, help of a protein carrier
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active transport
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low to high, must invest energy
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