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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the fuction of the urinary system?
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to rid the body of metabolic waste (cellular waste)
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What is the breakdown of protein?
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Protein -> Amino Acid -> NH2 -> Ammonia, Urea, or Uric Acid
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What is most likely to put off Ammonia and why?
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fish, because it requires a lot of water
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What is most likely to put off Uric Acid and why?
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birds and desert animals, because it requires very little water
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What is most likely to put off Urea and why?
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Humans, it falls right in the middle of water requirements
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What is the composition of urine? and the %'s
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water - 95%
solids - 5% |
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What are the 3 main components of urea?
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Ammonia, uric acid, creatinine
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what is the percentage of ammonia in urea?
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1%
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what is the percentage of uric acid in urea? and a reaction if levels get to high?
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1%, causes gout if levels are too high
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what is the percantage of creatinine in urea?
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1%
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what is the percentage of sodium in urea?
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<1%
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what is the percentagage of choride in urea?
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<1%
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What is the percentage of potassium in urea?
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<1%
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What is the percentage of magnesium in urea?
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<1%
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What is the percentage of calcium in urea?
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<1%
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What is the percentage of calcium in urea?
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<1%
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what is the percentage of sulfate in urea?
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<1%
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what is the percentage of phosphate in urea?
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<1%
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what components of urea are all components of salt?
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sodium, chlorides, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfates, phosphates
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What is the fuction of blood?
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carries the waste from the tissue to the kidneys
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How many kidneys do we have and where are they located and what shape are they?
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2 kidneys, located below the diaphram up against the lumbar vertebrae, bean shaped
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what is the cortex?
(in regard to the kidney) |
the outer layer of kidney, kinda grainy
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what is the medulla?
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middle region that contains
pyramids & nephrons |
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what is the pelvis (within the kidney)?
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inner most region, the collection region connects to the ureter
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what is a nephron?
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set of tubes that filter, absorb, and collect waste products from the blood
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what is the efferent arteriole?
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the artery that leads OUT OF the renal corpuscle
E for efferent, E for exit |
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what is the afferent arteriole?
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the artery that goes INTO the renal corpuscle
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what is the renal corpuscle and what is it made of?
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where all the filtering takes place, made of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
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what is the glomerulus?
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the wad of arteries located within the bowman's capsule
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what is the bowman's capsule?
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goes around the glomerulus
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what is the proximal tubule?
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tube that connects to the renal corpuscle and winds around and narrows down. used for absorption for salt, sugar, amino acids, ect.
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what is the loop of Henle?
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were the tube narrows and loops around
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what is the descending limb?
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the descending tube in the loop of Henle, absorbs water
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what is the ascending limb?
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the ascending tube in the loop of Henle, absorbs salts
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what is the distal tubule?
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where it starts to widen,the part farther away from the renal corpuscle, leads to the collecting tubule
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what is the collecting tube?
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leads to the ureter
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what is the ureter?
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main tube leading to the bladder
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what is the bladder and how much will it hold?
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storage for urine, will hold 250 ml
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how much urine leaves the body each day?
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between 1-2 liters
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what is the urethra?
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the tube from the bladder to exit the body
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after the reabsorption process, how much protein and carbohydrates should be in urine?
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none
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what does the formula for urea composition look like?
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..
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
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take oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from the tissues
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what is inspiration?
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breathing in; inhale
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what is expiration?
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breathing out; exhale
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how much nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are inhaled?
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nitrogen- 79%
oxygen - 21% carbon dioxide - .04% |
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how much nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are exhaled?
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nitrogen - 79%
oxygen - 16% carbon dioxide 4% |
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what is external respiration?
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breathing exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air and blood within the lungs; from high concentration to low concentration called simple diffusion
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what is internal respiration?
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exchange of oxygen and carbod dioxide within the tissues and blood withing the body; a subcomponent of external respiration
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what is cellular respiration (an abbreviation)
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ATP, subcomponent of internal respiration
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38ADP + ________ = 38ATP
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38 phosphate
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What do the nasal cavities do?
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filter and warm the air
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where is the nasopharynx and what does it do?
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behind the nasal caviites, and connects the nose to throat
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place where nose, mouth, trachea, and esophagus come together?
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pharanx
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what is the pharanx?
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place where nose, mouth, trachea, and esophagus come together
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what is the glottis?
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the opening to the trachea
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what is the epiglottis?
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the flap covering the glottis
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what is the trachea?
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the main air tube
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what is the larynx?
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the enlarged area of the upper part of the trachea; holds voice box
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what is the bronchi?
(bronchus) |
two branches, first branching of the pathway to the lungs.
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what are the bronchioles?
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second branching of pathway to the lungs
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how many times do the bronchioles branch to the left?
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2 times
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how many times do the bronchioles branch to the right?
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3 times
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what are the alveoli?
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microscopic air sacs, the point where gases are exchanged; oxygen and carbon dioxide
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where are the lungs?
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glued to the walls of the thoracic cavity.
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how many lungs are on the right?
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3
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how many lungs are on the left?
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2
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what do the pleural membranes do?
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holds the lungs to the thoracic cavity
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what does the diaphram do?
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contracts to inhale
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what do the ribs do in relation to respiration?
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spring back into place to produce the exhale.
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common cold
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caused by a rhinovirus
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what does rhino mean?
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nose
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infuenza
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flu/ 35 different flus
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pneumonia
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fluid on lungs
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bronchitis
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inflammation of bronchi or bronchioles
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strep throat
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caused by bacteria 'Streptococcus pyogens'; if it gets into the blood stream, it can be deadly
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tuberculosis
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bacterial - 'Mycobacteria tuburclosis'; eats holes in lungs
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emphysema
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destruction of lungs tissue, trapping air
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pulmonary fibrosis
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scar tissue inside the lungs from silia (spun glass, insulation), dust, asbestos
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lung cancer
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accessive growth of cells inside the lungs. #1 cause is smoking
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sudden infant death syndrome
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SIDS baby stops breathing
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what are some of the substances that can cause pulmonary fibrosis?
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silia (spun glass, insulation), dust, asbestos
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what is the #1 cause of lung cancer?
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smoking
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what does SIDS stand for?
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sudden infant death syndrome
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what is the function of the digestive system?
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(1) breakdown of food
(2) absorbs food (3) get rid of undigested food |
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how long is the digestive system?
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app. 28 foot long; is just one long tube
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what is another name for the mouth and what is its main function?
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called the oral cavity; main function is to receive food and starts digestion
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what do the teeth do?
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mechanical process to breakdown food (grinding)
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how many incisors are there and what are the main function(s) for them?
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8 - cutting and tearing
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how many canines are there and what are the main function(s) for them?
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4 - puncturing
(no real use in humans) |
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how many premolars are there and what are the main function(s) for them?
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8 - crushing and grinding and chewing
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how many molars are there and what are the main function(s) for them?
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12 - crushing and grinding and chewing
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where is the enamel located and what is special about it?
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located on top of the tooth, the hardest substance in the body
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where is the dentin located?
(in regard to the tooth) |
middle layer
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where is the pulp located and what does it contain?
(pertaining to the tooth) |
inside layer, all nerves and vessels
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what part of a tooth is the crown?
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the part sticking up out of the gums
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where on the tooth is the neck located?
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along the gum line
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where on the tooth is the root located?
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below the gum line
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what is "gum" pertaining to the teeth?
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the part where the gums and tooth meet
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what do the salivary glands do?
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produce saliva which is largely water but contains amylase too
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what does amylase do?
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breaks down starch
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name the salivary glands
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parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
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where are the parotid glands located?
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around cheeks
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where are the sublingual glands located?
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under tongue
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where are the submandibular glands located?
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below mandible (lower jaw)
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what is the pharynx?
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common cavity of nose, mouth, and esophagus
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what is the esophagus?
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tube leading to the stomach
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what is peristalsis?
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involuntary contractions that carry food through the digestive system
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what is the function of the stomach?
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used for storage - very acidic - a lot of chemical digestion (HCL)(hydrochloric acid)
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what are the sphincters at each opening of the stomach for?
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circular ringed muscles at the entrance and exit of the stomach to control the movement of food
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what is the small intestine - with villi?
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the main area for food breakdown and absorption; fingerlike structurs called villi are located on inside wall of intestine to enlarge surface area;
is about 20 foot long |
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what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
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duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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how long is the small intestine?
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about 20 foot long
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how long is the duodenum?
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about 11 inches long
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what is the duodenum?
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the first part of the small intestine, main function is the addition of bile
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what is the main function of the jejunum?
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breakdown and absorption
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what is the main function of the ileum?
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breakdown and absorption
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what is the cecum?
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a blind sac that has no exit; pretty useless to humans
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what is the appendix?
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sticks off of cecum, no function in humans, can be deadly if ruptures
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what are the 3 parts of the colon?
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ascending, transverse, and descending
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what is the main function of the colon? (includes all 3 parts)
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water absorption
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why is the ascending colon called ascending?
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it goes up
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why is the transverse colon called transverse?
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it goes across from one side to another (it transverses)
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why is the descending colon called descending?
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it goes down
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what is the rectum?
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is at the end of the colon, storage for fecal material
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what is the anus?
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a sphincter muscle at the exit of rectum; controls fecal material exiting the body
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what is an ulcer
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lesions in the digestive membrane
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what are 4 types of ulcers can occur?
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oral, peptic, gastric, and duodenal
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where would an oral ulcer be and what causes one?
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in the mouth on the lips caused by a virus (herpes)
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where would a peptic ulcer be and what causes one?
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in the lower esophagus
caused by acid from stomach |
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where would a gastric ulcer be and what causes one?
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in the stomach
caused by a bacteria - easily treated with antibiotics |
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where would a duodenal ulcer be and what causes one?
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in the duodenum right below stomach
can be caused by virus, bacteria, and/or stomach acid - usually caused by stomach acid |
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what are dental caries and what causes them?
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cavities -
caused by breakdown of carbs which produces acid which eats through the enamel |
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what is periodontal disease and what causes it?
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disease of the gum - largely bacterial
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what is appendicitis?
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inflammation of appendix- if it ruptures, can be deadly
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what is anorexia nervosa?
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largely psychological, caused by malnourishment
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what is bulimia?
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largely psychologlical, overeating then purging by vomitting or using laxatives
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what is food poisoning
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some sort of toxin in food
(1) 'Salmonella enterilidis' (2) 'Clostridium botulinum' |
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describe vitamin A deficiency
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in child - bad bone growth and teeth development
in adult - dry skin, dry hair and decrease in night vision |
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describe vitamin C deficiency
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wounds won't heal rapidly, swollen gums, and teeth can start falling out (called scurvy)
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describe vitamin B12 deficiency
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pernicious anemia; nerve problems
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describe vitamin D deficiency
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loss of muscle tone and weak bones - ricketts
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describe vitamin K deficiecy
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lack of blood clotting
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