Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Light Microscope |
light passed through the specimen and then through the glass |
|
|
Magnification |
ratio of an objects image size to its real size |
|
|
Resolution |
measure of clarity |
|
|
Contrast |
difference in brightness |
|
|
Organelles |
membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Electron Microscope |
beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface |
|
|
scanning electron microscope |
detailed study of the topography of a specimen |
|
|
transmission electron microscope |
studying internal structures of cells |
|
|
cytology |
study of cell structure |
|
|
biochemistry |
study of chemical processes |
|
|
Cell Fractionation |
takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other sub cellular structures from one another |
|
|
centrifuge |
separates parts |
|
|
Domains for Prokaryotes |
Bacteria, Archaea |
|
|
Domains for Eukaryotes |
Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants |
|
|
Cytosol |
semifluid-jelly-like substance |
|
|
Chromosomes |
carry genes in the form of DNA |
|
|
Ribosomes |
tiny complex that make proteins according to instructions from the genes |
|
|
Euk-DNA Location |
Nucleus-double membrane |
|
|
Pro-DNA Location |
nucleoid- not membrane-enclosed |
|
|
Cytoplasm |
interior of either type of cell |
|
|
Which cells are generally larger? |
Eukaryotic (10-100Um) |
|
|
Plasma Membrane |
selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell |
|
|
microvilli |
increase surface area without increase in volume |
|
|
flagellum |
motility-animal cells, cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane |
|
|
centrosome |
region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles |
|
|
cytoskeleton |
reinforces cells shape,functions in cell movement, components are made of protein (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) |
|
|
peroxisome |
produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water |
|
|
mitochondrion |
cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated |
|
|
Lysosome |
digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus |
synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products |
|
|
ribosomes |
make proteins, free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope |
|
|
plasma membrane |
membrane enclosing the cell |
|
|
nuclear envelope |
double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER |
|
|
Nucleolus |
nonmembrane, involved in production of ribosomes, nucleus has one or more nucleoli |
|
|
Chromatin |
material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes |
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
network of membranous acs and tubules, membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes (Rough and Smooth) |
|
|
Plant Cell: Central Vacuole |
prominent in older plant cells, storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules, enlargement of central vacuole is major mechanism of plant growth
|
|
|
Plant Cell: Chloroplast |
Photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules |
|
|
Plant Cell: Plasmodesmata |
cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells |
|
|
Plant Cell: Cell wall |
outer layer that maintains a cells shape and protects it form mechanical damage, made of cellulose, polysaccharides, and protein |
|
|
The Nucleus: pore complex |
lines each pore, regulates the entry and exit of proteins and RNA's as well as large complexes of macromolecules |
|
|
The Nucleus: Nuclear Lamina |
netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
|
|
The Nucleus: Nuclear Matrix |
framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior |
|
|
rRNA |
ribosomal RNA is synthesized from instructions the DNA |
|
|
free ribosomes |
suspended in cytosol |
|
|
bound ribosomes |
attached to outside of ER or nuclear envelope |
|
|
vesicles |
sacs made of membrane used for transfer |
|
|
Smooth ER |
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions |
|
|
glycoproteins |
proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
|
|
transport vesicles |
vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus |
many transport vesicles travel here |
|
|
Cisterna |
Flattened membraneous sacs in golgi |
|
|
Cis/Trans Sides of Golgi stack of cisterna |
Cis- Same side Trans-opposite side |
|
|
Phagocytosis |
engulfing smaller organisms for food "cell Eating" food vacuole is formed,fuse with lysosome, lysosome digests |
|
|
Endosymbiont Theory |
ancestors of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell- became a cell living within another cell |
|
|
cristae |
convoluted, infoldings |
|
|
mitochondrial matrix |
enclosed by the inner membrane |
|
|
thylakoids |
inside the chloroplast- membraneous system of flattened, interconnected sacs |
|
|
granum |
stack of thykaloids |
|
|
stroma |
-fluid outside the thylakoid -contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes |
|
|
plastids (closely related plant organelles) |
-Amyloplast-colorless organelle, stores starch -chromoplast-orange and yellow hues in fruit |
|
|
cell motility |
includes both changes in cell location and movements of cell parts |
|
|
motor proteins |
"feet" along track provided by the cytoskeleton |
|
|
neurotransmitters |
contained in vesicles, travel to the top of axons- release signal to adjacent nerve cells |
|
|
Microtubules |
hollow tubes |
|
|
microfilaments |
two intertwined strands of actin |
|
|
intermediate filaments |
fibrous proteins coiled into cables only in animals bear tension more permanent |
|
|
dimer (in reference to microtubules) |
molecule made up of two subunits -tubulin dimer consists of two slightly different polypeptides (alpha tubular and beta tubulin) |
|
|
basal body |
structurally similar to centriole, "microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 pattern" |
|
|
Dineins |
bending movement of cilia and flagella Proteins "feet" that actually move |
|
|
Actin |
globular protein |
|
|
cortex |
outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell semisolid consistency of a gel |
|
|
myosin |
thicker filament made of protein |
|
|
Ways that Actin and Myosin are used |
Amoeba pseudopodia cytoplasmic streaming |
|
|
cell wall |
extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells -shape, prevents excessive water |
|
|
primary cell wall |
relatively thin and flexible wall |
|
|
middle lamella |
between primary walls of adjacent cells-thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins |
|
|
secondary cell wall |
between plasma membrane and the primary wall -strong durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support |
|
|
extracellular matrix |
glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by cells
|
|
|
collagen |
most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells 40% of the total protein in the human body |
|
|
proteoglycans |
forms a woven network for collagen fibers, secreted by cells, |
|
|
fibronectin |
cells attached to ECM by glycoproteins |
|
|
Integrins |
cell-surface receptor proteins-built into the plasma membrane "integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell" |
|
|
Cell junction |
how cells interact |
|
|
plasmodesmata |
channels that connect cells |
|
|
Three types of Cell Junctions: |
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions |
|
|
Tight Junction |
honeycomb looking-cells tightly pressed against each other |
|
|
Desmosome |
rivets, fastening cells together,keratin proteins |
|
|
Gap Junctions |
cytoplasmic channels, similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells |
