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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define the term 'diet' |
A diet is a mixture of varying food groups which provides you with different minerals, vitamins and energy. Each food group has a different effect, and so a diet is the BALANCE of these. |
Mix Balance |
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What is the purpose of carbohydrates in the body? |
To release energy |
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What is the purpose of fats |
To keep us warm as a source of heat energy, and to release energy |
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What is the purpose of protein? |
To provide growth, and cell repair and replacement |
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What happens to your metabolic rate during exercise? |
It increases because you need more energy for the exercise |
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Complete: the energy required to fuel the chemical reactions (known as the ________) which keep you alive, works at a ________ ____. |
1) metabolism 2) metabolic rate |
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Name 3 causes that can lead to malnutrition or obesity |
1) an unbalanced diet 2) over/under eating 3) lack of exercise |
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Why is it bad to have too much saturated fat? |
It can increase your cholesterol |
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List 3 examples of malnutrition |
1) fatigue 2) poor immunity against infection 3) irregular periods 4) slow growth in women |
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Complete: Exercise can help build up ______ and it increases your ________ ____. |
1) Muscle 2) metabolic rate |
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Define 'bacteria' |
Bacteria are very small cells which reproduce quickly inside your body and either damage your cells or produce toxins which essentially poison your body. |
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Define 'virus' |
A virus is not a cell, but it is able to replicate itself by invading a cell, and then creating copies of itself until the call bursts and releases all the viruses, and the cell is essntially damaged. |
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How do white blood cells approach bacteria? |
They engulf the pathogens and essentially digest them |
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What are antigens |
Antigens are the unique molecules of a pathogen |
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What are antibodies and how are they produced? |
Antibodies are created by white blood cells as proteins, which can lock onto and kill the invading cells containing pathogens |
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What is an antitoxin |
An antitoxin is a substance that counteracts a toxin by invading the bacteria. |
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What is a vaccination? |
A vaccination is an injection containing an inactive version of the pathogen of microorganism that the person is being protected from |
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What 3 things does the 'mmr' vaccine protect against |
1) measles 2) mumps 3) rubella |
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Name 2 disadvantages to having a vaccination |
1) they aren't always effective and may not provide immunity 2) sometimes you can have a bad reaction to a vaccine such as swelling although this is rare |
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What time of drug is caffeine and what does it do |
Caffeine is a stimulant, and it is meant to speed up your reaction times. |
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What is the purpose of using painkillers? |
They reduce the symptoms or pain, but don't fully remove them |
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How do antibiotics work? |
Antibiotics are different because they can kill ( or stunt the growth of) the bacteria that are causing the illness. |
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How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? |
It can mutate, and these mutations cause a resistance. Also overdosing on a specific antibiotic means that the bacteria becomes aware of it and learns how to resist it. |
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What is a placebo? |
A placebo is a form of the drug that looks the same, but actually provides no effect or decrease in symptoms. Often given to patients who don't necessarily require an actual prescription but feel it would help. |
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How can we test antibiotics by culturing microorganisms? |
By culturing microorganisms in a culture medium such as agar jelly to produce 'colonies' which are the result of multiplying bacteria. And we can see the amount of resistant bacteria, because they will survive against the antibiotics whereas the non resistant strains will be killed off. |
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What did semmelweis discover? |
That doctors weren't washing their hands after dealing with diseased patients, therefore spreading the viruses and bacteria they carried. He theorised that using an antiseptic solution on the hands would decrease the amount of deaths. |
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Give a disadvantage of both viruses and bacteria. |
Bacteria can mutate and will become resistant to types of antibiotics if used too often. Viruses can cause epidemics or pandemics because they are much more likely to mutate. |
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What is a stimulus? |
A change in the environment which causes a reaction (e.g fight or flight) |
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Name the 5 different sense organs |
1) eyes 2) ears 3) mouth (tongue) 4) nose 5) skin |
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What is a receptor? |
Receptors are groups of cells which are sensitive to a specific stimuli and send messages throughout the body in the form of electrical impulses. |
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What is the type of receptor for the eye |
Light receptor |
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What is the type of receptor for the ear |
Sound receptors |
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What is the job of the sensory neurone? |
The nerve cells carry signals (AKA electrical impulses) from receptors to the sensory organs in the CNS |
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What is the function of the relay neurones? |
To carry the signals from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones |
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What is the job of the motor neurones? |
To carry the signals from the CNS to the effector ( this is the muscle or gland that is responding to the stimulus |
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What is a synapse? |
A synapse is the connection between two neurones, which allows a nerve signal to transfer chemicals across the gap |
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What is a hormone? |
Hormones are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells |
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What is Fsh and what is its' function |
Fsh is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which causes an egg to mature in the ovaries |
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What is the function of oestrogen and where is it produced? |
Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and causes the pituitary gland to release LH |
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What is the function of LH and where is it found? |
LH is produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle |
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How does progesterone work to reduce fertility? |
Is stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from getting through to the egg |
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What are the disadvantages of using an oral contraceptive pill? |
1) It isn't 100% effective and the fame may still get pregnant 2) it can cause side effects including nausea, menstrual bleeding and headaches 3) it doesnt protect against STD's |
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What are the disadvantages of having FSH and LH injected into women to stimulate egg release? |
1) Doesn't always work and multiple treatments can be expensive 2) too many eggs could be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies i.e triplets or twins |
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What is the name of the plant growth hormone? |
Auxin |
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Name 3 ways in which the body loses water |
1) via the kidneys in urination 2) via the lungs during breathing 3) via the skin during sweating |
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Give at least 3 disadvantages of smoking |
1) nicotine is addictive 2) tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer 3) it damages the heart and major blood vessels 4) discolours teeth and causes bad odour |
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Which part of the body does alcohol affect the most? |
Nervous system |
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Name 4 ways in which desert animals are adapted to save water and keep cool |
1) large surface areas compared to volume 2) efficient with water 3) good in hot conditions 4) camouflage |
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What do plants compete for? |
1) space 2) water 3) nutrients from the soil 4) carbon dioxide emissions |
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What do animals compete for? |
1) Territory 2) shelter 3) food and water 4) mate |
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What are the non living factors that cause environmental change? |
Change in temperature, rainfall or air/water pollution |
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What are the living factors that affect environmental change? |
Change in the occurrence of infectious diseases, in the number of predators, the amount of prey and food sources, and the number of competitors |
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What does lichen tell us about the quality of the air? |
The more lichen there is present, then the better the quality of the air. Also crusty or pale coloured lichen represents a poor air quality |
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Name 3 ways in which carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere via the carbon cycle |
1) Decay 2) Respiration 3) combustion |
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How many chromosomes are there in the human body? |
23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total |
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Put these is size, smallest first: chromosome, gene and DNA molecule |
Gene --> chromosome --> DNA molecule |
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Define genetic variation |
A differentiation between organisms based on the different characteristics each organism gains from the parents genes |
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What is a gene |
A gene is essentially the code for a cell that contains a lot of information passed on from the parent (s) |
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Define environmental variation |
This is where organisms differ in appearance, due to factors caused by the conditions they live in |
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What is an allele |
An allele is the different version of the same gene, which give different characteristics. E.g you can have genes for blue or brown eyes |
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Complete: Sexual reproduction involves the ______ of male and female _______. Because there are ___ parents, the offspring contain a _______ of the parents genes. |
1) fusion 2) gametes 3) two 4) mixture |
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Complete: Asexual reproduction involves ___ parent. There is no ______ of ______ and no mixing of ___________. Therefore no genetic _________ and the offspring is genetically ___________ to the parent. |
1) one 2) fusion 3) gametes 4) chromosomes 5) variation 6) identical |
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What are the benefits of taking plant cuttings? |
1) plants can be produced quickly 2) it is a cheap method |
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Explain the process of embryo transplants |
The male gamete is taken from, lets say a bull, and fused with the female gamete of a cow. The embryo which is develop splits many times before becoming specialised. These are then implanted back inside the mother and other cows, to produce genetically identical baby calves. |
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What was Charles Darwins theory of evolution? |
That individuals in a species may show variation, due to differences in genes, which may make them better adapted to their environment, giving a better chance of survival, and more likely to reproduce offspring with the same advantages. |
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What is a mutation? |
A mutation is the change in an organisms DNA |
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What was Lamarks theory? |
That animals could gain certain characteristics by will or repeating a certain action, for example a giraffe could extend its neck if it reached for higher leaves |
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What is diffusion? |
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen? |
They have a large surface area for absorbing oxygen due to its' concave shape |
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What are the functions of a sperm cell that make it specialised for fertilisation? |
It has a long tail to hell it swim, and also a streamlined head |
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What ways do plants use glucose? |
1) during respiration 2) in the making of cell walls 3) making proteins 4) stored as starch or in seeds |
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What happens if the pH or the temperature is too high for the enzyme? |
The enzyme denatures and is deemed unusable due to losing its shape |
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Define a catalyst |
A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up (catalysts can be filtered off after) |
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What is the area where the substrate bonds to the enzyme called? |
The active site |
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What is the equation for photosynthesis? |
Carbon dioxide + water ➡ oxygen + glucose + water |
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What is the word equation for respiration? |
Oxygen + glucose ➡ carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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