Biologie(:

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Eukaryote

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internal membranes and thicker walls and possess an internal structure called a nucleus

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endosymbionic theory

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suggests that at a critical stage in the evolution of eukaryote cells, energy-producing bacteria cme to reside symbiotically withing larger early eukarytocic cells, eventually evolcing into the cell organelles we call mitochondria

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mitochondria

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energy-generating organelle in eukaryotic cells are sausage shaped and about the same size as most bacteria

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choloplasts

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bacteria like organelles that were apparently derived from symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria and have a complex system of inner membranes and a circle of DNA

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sexual reproduction

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two different parents contribnute gametes to form the offpsring

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asexual reproduction

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reproduction without forming gametes and the offspring are genetically identical to the parents, no mutation

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parthenogenesis

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a common form of reproduction among insects where fertilized eggs develop into females, while funertilized eggs are males in bees.

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self-fertilization

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one individual provides both male and female gametes

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sexual life cycle

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the production of haploid gametes by meiosis followed be the union of two gametes in sexual reproduction

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zygotic meiosis

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(algae) the zygote gormed by the fusion of gametes is the only diploid cell

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gametic meiosis

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(animals) meiosis produces the gametes which are the only haploid cells

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sporic meiosis

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(plants) the spore forming cells undergo meiosis

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alternation of generations

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a regular alternation between a hapliod and diploid phase

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cysts

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a dormant form of cell with a resistant outer coating covering in which cell metabolism is more or less completely shut down

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phototrophs

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photosynthetic autotrophs

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phagotroph

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or a holozoic feeder that ingest visible particles of food

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osmotroph

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saprozoic feeder that ingest food in soluble form

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food vacuole

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an intracelular vesicle that phagotrophs ingest food particles into (phagosome)

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binary

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a common type of fission which a cell simply splits into nearly equal halves

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budding

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when the progeny cell is considerably smaller than its parent and then grows to adult size (a type of fission)

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schizogony

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a multiple fission which is comon among protists and undergoes many nuclear divisions that produces several individuals almost simultaneously.

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Protistic gametic meiosis

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occurs just before gamete formation in ciliates and flagellates

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protistic zygotic meiosis

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directly after fertilization and all the individuals that are produced are haploid until the next zygote is formed in sprozoans

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protistic sporic meiosis

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in algae producing an alternation of generations similar to that seen in plants with dignificant portions of the life cycle spent as haploid as well as diploid.

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multicellularity

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a condition in which an organism is composed of many cells, permanently accosciatied with another that integrate their activities

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colonial organism

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a collection of cells that are permanently associated but in which little or no integratino of cell activities occurs

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aggregation

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a more transient collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate

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multicellualr individuals

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the activities of the individual cells are coordinated and the cells themselves are in contact, which only occurs in eukaryotes

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multicellular organisms

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individuals are composed of many cells that interact with one another and coordinate their activities

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classyfying protista

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1.)the presence or absence and type of cilia or flagella
2.) the presence and kinds of pigments
3.) the type of mitosis
4.) the molecular genetics of the ribosomal "S" subunit
6.) the kind of inclusions the protist may have
7.) the overall body form
8.) whether the protist has any kind of shell or other body "armor"
9.) modes of nutrition and movement.

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five groups of protists

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HEterotrophs with no permanent locomoter apparatus
Heterotrophs with flagella
heterotrophs with resticted mobility
photosynthetic protists
nonmotile spore formers

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pseudopodia

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false feet that are flowing projections of cytoplasm

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tests

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pore studded shells

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podia

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long thing cytoplasmic projections that extend out through pores of the tests and are used for swimming and capturing prey

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flagella

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a means that some zoomastigotes move by

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cillia

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cilliates are very complex and unusual and unicellular that have a defined cell shape and two nuclei per cell.

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slugs

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cellular slie molds that are able to aggregate in times of instress into mobile, multicellular colonies

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spores

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a swollen tip that develops a spore that becomes a new amoeba

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plasmodium

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a nonwalled multinucleate mass of cytolpasm