Biologically Important Molecules - Vocab

Front 1

Water-"loving"

Back 1

Hydrophilic

Front 2

Water-"fearing"

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Hydrophobic

Front 3

Two or more polypeptide chains coming together and bonding with each other

Back 3

Quarternary structure

Front 4

To permanently change the 3 dimensional structure of a protein

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Denature

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The subunit that makes up nucleic acids - 4 types in DNA are ACGT

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Nucleotide

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The smallest unit of matter that cannot normally be broken into smaller particles

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Atom

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The process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets

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Emulsification

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The loose association of amino acids in a polypeptide chain with each other, usually through H-bonds eg alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

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Secondary structure

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The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein, which ultimately determines its shape

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Primary structure

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The building block of protein - 20 kinds in nature

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Amino acid

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The bond that forms between two amino acids joinjed by dehydration synthesis

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peptide bond

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The 3-D shape of polypeptide chain due to it folding back on itself and forming bonds

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Tertiary structure

Front 13

Elements with identical atomic numbers, but different number of neutrons

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Isotopes

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Molecules with identical empirical formulas but different structural arrangements of atoms

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Isomers

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Creating a bond with two atoms by taking OH from one atom and H from the other

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Dehydration synthesis

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Breaking a bond between two atoms by adding OH to one atom and H to the other

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Hydrolysis

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Biological catalysts, composed of protein, that speed up chemical reactions

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Enzymes

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ATP - molecules that carries energy in the cell

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Adenosine triphosphate

Front 19

Any molecule with the molecular formula Cn(H2O)n

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Carbohydrate

Front 20

An important component of cell membranres, has a hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

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Phospholipid

Front 21

An enzyme that breaks down maltose to two glucose molecules

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Maltase

Front 22

An atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons

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Ion

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A weak bond due to the attraction between partial charges on hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

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Hydrogen bond

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Polymer of glucose used as a structural component of plant cell walls

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Cellulose

Front 25

Polymer of glucose used as a storage form for glucose in animals

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Glycogen

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Polymer of glucose, used a storage form for glucose in plants

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Starch

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Loss of Hydrogen atoms (or electrons)

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Oxidation

Front 28

A lipid that is an important component of cell membranes and from which steroid hormones are made

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CHolesterol

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A lipid composed of glycrol joined to 3 fatty acids

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Neutral fat

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A large organic molecule formed from a chain or chains of amino acids

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Protein

Front 31

A large molecule made by joining together smaller identical or similar molecules

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Polymer

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A gain of hydrogen atoms (or electrons)

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Reduction

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A fatty acid that has a kink in it due to a double bond between carbon atoms

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Unsaturated fatty acid

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A fatty acid whose carbons are all joined to the maximum number of hydrogens

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Saturated fatty acid

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A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules

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Maltose

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A class of molecules that includes neutral fats and steroids

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Lipid

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chemical that resists change in pH

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Buffer

Front 38

A 6 carbon sugar that forms a 6 membered ring -- used as an energy source by shells

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Glucose

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Three carbon that joins with fatty acids to produce triglycerides

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Glycerol

Front 40

Molecules that store genetic information (eg DNA or RNA)

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Nucleic acids