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29 Cards in this Set
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Ultradian Rhythms - AO1 |
More than once in 24 hours Before EEG's - thought sleep was a dormant stage 5 sleep stages - 4 NREM and REM Beta - awake Alpha - 1 Theta - 2 Delta - 3+4 (SWS) - Where growth hormone is released |
EEG's Sleep stages |
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Ultradian Rhythms - AO2 and AO3 |
Woken during different sleep stages NREM - 7% dreaming REM - 80-90% dreaming Shows that dreaming occurs in REM AO3 - High internal validity, low Eco + pop validity Dreams can occur in NREM 70% reported dreaming in NREM AO3 - Dement 'misinterpretation' - conscious thoughts at early stage of sleep thought to be dreams |
EEG research into dreaming Dreams in NREM |
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Ultradian Rhythms - Grenades |
Reductionist (Individual Differences): Not all people have the same sleep stage cycle E.g. Narcoleptics go straight into REM |
Reductionist Narcoleptics |
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Circadian Rhythms - AO1 |
A rhythm tuned to a 24 hour clock - the sleep/wake cycle |
Sleep/wake cycle |
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Circadian Rhythms - AO2 and AO3 |
World war 2 bunker - Ppts in bunker with no external cues but we're able to turn on and off lights Followed a 25 hour sleep-wake cycle Siffre's cave studies: Conducted similar studies |
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Circadian Rhythms - Grenades |
Evolutionary sense |
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Infradian Rhythms - AO1 |
A rhythm that happens over many days E.g. The menstrual cycle |
Many days Menstrual cycle |
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Infradian Rhythms - AO2 and AO3 |
McClintock - Dorm observations - menstrual cycle synchronisation 10 year study - 29 women (9 gave pheromones, 20 took pheromones) 9 women placed cotton pads under arms and wore it - each pad then treated with alcohol and frozen Cotton pads were wiped under noses of 20 women on a daily basis 68% of the 20 women responded to the pheromones - either shortened or lengthened depending on menstrual cycle of pheromone AO3 - Other research supports her findings - there is an evolutionary advantage Theoretically women would become pregnant at the same time so could breastfeed and carry out other tasks Pop. Validity, retrospective data (would not have been filled out each day) Basketball players - No correlation between menstrual cycle patterns as other factors can affect synchronisation (exercise, diet and stress) |
Dorm observations 29 Women Evolutionary advantage Basketball players |
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Infradian Rhythms - Grenades |
Deterministic - Suggests we are unable to control our biological rhythms and that biological factors determine rhythms |
Deterministic |
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Endogenous Pacemakers - AO1 |
Birds/reptiles - Pineal gland exposed on upper surface of brain (light passes through and stimulates) Light receptors influence secretion of melatonin which synchronises sleep Mammals - No light receptors on pineal glands (sits behind thalamus) Light enters through eyes (via optic chiasm) to SCN (in hypothalamus) the main body clock SCN controls secretion on melatonin High light = low melatonin, low light = high melatonin |
Birds and reptiles - Pineal gland Mammals - SCN Melatonin |
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Endogenous Pacemakers - AO2 and AO3 |
Rat study - SCN removed and normal sleep cycle abolished Hamsters - bred mutant hamsters to have 20hr clock Transplanted SCN cells into brains of foetus' with normal body clock - changed to 20hrs Transplanted normal SCN cells into original mutants - had normal cycle in a week AO3 - Unethical, can't generalise to humans Brain tumours - Damaged SCN - disrupted sleep-wake cycle AO3 - Tumours could affect other areas of brain, hard to pinpoint to SCN Isolated lungs - Circadian rhythms continued when tissues grown without control of SCN Campbell and Murphy - Sleep lab (15 ppts) Light shone on back of knee Light penetration affected the system - woke 3 hours earlier than normal |
Rats Hamsters Brain tumours Isolated lungs Sleep lab - light on back of knee |
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Endogenous Pacemakers - Grenades |
Reductionist - Suggests only one area of the brain controls the entire cycle Approaches/Cultural - Role of society and social learning E.g. Siestas - sleeping mid-day to party all night |
Reductionist Approaches/Cultural |
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Disrupting Biological Rhythms (Jetlag) - AO1 |
Jetlag - Dislocation between body clock +local zeitgebers due to travel Most detrimental in phase advance (shortens day - e.g. NY to LDN) Less detrimental in phase delay (stay awake longer) Symptoms: Extreme tiredness, depression and slowed reactions |
Definition Phases Symptoms |
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Disruption of Biological Rhythms (Jetlag) - AO2 and AO3 |
Analysed US baseball results for 3 years Teams that travelled east to west (Phase D) - won 44% of games Teams that travelled west to east (phase A) won 37% of games AO3 - Methodolgy (longitudinal), pop. Validity How to overcome issues: Sleep well before flight Avoid caffeine + alcohol Immediately adjust to local zeitgebers Go into daylight ASAP (reduces symptoms) |
Baseball results How to overcome issues |
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Disrupting Biological Rhythms (Jetlag) - Grenades |
Reductionist - other factors have a impact on how you feel crossing time zones E.g. Found Jetlag to decrease with age Individual Differences - Some people have phase tolerance (not as affected by symptoms) |
Reductionist Individual Differences |
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Disrupting Biological Rhythms (Shiftwork) - AO1 |
Shift work - Working patterns which enable organisations to work around the clock - employees required to work when they should be sleeping Fluctuating shifts - Shifts change from day to night Non-fluctuating - Constant night shifts Non-flux is better bc body can sync and be in a routine Symptoms: Decreased alertness Fatigue Depression Illness |
Definition Flux/Non-flux Symptoms |
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Disrupting Biological Rhythms (Shiftwork) - AO2 and AO3 |
Those who work shifts for more than 15 years are 3 x more likely to develop 💛 disease Shift work linked to organ diseases (including kidney) could be due to direct effects of de-synchronisation or sleep disruption Utah Chemical Plant - Used traditional backward shift rotation (7 days on each) - phase advance Workers reported higher stress and sleep + health problems affected their productivity Forward rotating shifts were introduced (21 days on each shift - body can adjust) - phase delay After 9 months, workers felt less stressed with less health problems - increasing productivity AO3 - Pop. Validity, low internal validity, home life + type of work could have affected results (e.g. Money problems could be perceived as work stress) |
💛 Disease Organ diseases Utah chemical plant Backwards/forward rotating shifts |
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Disrupting Biological Rhythms (Shiftwork) - Grenades |
Reductionist - People have different circadian rhythms E.g. Successful business men and women report having low sleep hours |
Reductionist |
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Lifespan Changes - AO1 |
Throughout our lifetime the quantity of SWS and REM differs Infancy - sleep is non-continuous Sleep 16 hours a day (wake every hour - short cycles) Two sleep stages - Quiet (immature SWS) and active (immature REM) 50-50 Childhood - 12 hours sleep per day Parasomnias common (nightmares/sleepwalking) 30% sleep is REM Adolescence - 9-10 hours sleep per day In phase delay (more awake at night, find it hard to get up early) Adulthood - 8 hours sleep per night Development of sleep disorders (e.g. Insomnia) 25% sleep is REM Old Age - SWS decreases to 5% and replaced with other forms of NREM In phase advance (hard to stay awake late) 20% of sleep is REM |
Quantity of sleep differs - REM + SWS Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age |
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Lifespan Changes - AO2 and AO3 |
Infancy - Adapted mechanism: Daytime sleeping means parents can do chores = high survival chance Small stomach - Fed often, if sleep through night they may not be woken by cold/hunger - lower survival Premature babies - High amount of active sleep Productions of neurotransmitters and memories - learning is taking place (development of immature brains) Prem. babies - brains even less mature so active sleep = 90% where healthy babies are 50% active sleep - brain development Adolescence - hormones released at night - sleep deprivation (symptoms linked with puberty) Hormones affect circadian clock, putting them in phase delay School opening times - recommended to begin later to accommodate poor attention span in the morning Adulthood (Too much sleep linked to mortality) - survey of over 1million people People who slept 6-7 hours lower mortality risk 8 hours - 15% increase in risk of death 10 hours - 30% increase in risk of death AO3 - Correlational, other variables (e.g. Illness leading to more sleep leading to death) Old age - Physiological changes means sleep apnoea SWS reduced - lower production of growth hormones, explaining low bone density and lack of energy Sleep deficit = impaired functions |
Infancy - Evolutionary advantages and premature babies Adolescence - Hormones and school times Adulthood - Mortality rates Old age - Physiological, SWS and bone density |
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Lifespan Changes - Grenades |
Reductionist - Individual Differences: E.g. Narcoleptics go straight into REM Role of Culture - Swiss children have lots of sleep, Israeli children have much less sleep Amount of sleep dependent on culture and day to day life and time spent outside |
Reductionist Culture - Swiss and Israeli children |
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Restoration explanation of sleep - AO1 |
Oswald - High levels of brain activity in REM reflects brain recovery Increase in body's activities (growth hormones) during SWS reflects restoration and recovery in the body Increased no. Of neurotransmitters fired means brain and body are restored SWS = body recovery REM = Brain recovery/development |
REM = Brain recovery/development SWS = Body recovery |
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Restoration Explanation - AO2 and AO3 |
50-60% of new born babies sleep is REM High levels of growth and development in brain and body is the function of sleep Marathon Runners - Runners who competed a 57 mile marathon slept 90 mins longer than normal for two days with an increase in SWS Longer SWS needed to compensate for strain on body AO3/Exercise studies - No difference in sleep patterns |
Babies sleep is REM Marathon runners Exercise studies |
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Restoration Explanaton - AO1 |
Horne - Controlled lab studies and found not all sleep is essential Only need stage 4 SWS + REM (core sleep) as it is essential for brain Other stages are optional Restoration of body occurs when we are awake - restful wakefulness |
Lab studies Core sleep Optional sleep |
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Restoration Explanation - AO2 and AO3 |
Rat study: Flower pot - REM sleep prevented so brain activity is reduced AO3 - Unethical, cannot generalise Randy Gardner - 11 days awake Experienced some ill effects (small difficulties with blurred vision, garbled speech, slight paranoia) After 14 hours sleep - he woke and suffered no lasting ill effects AO3 - Pop. Validity, methodological issues and low ecological validity (experienced micro sleeps as not under constant supervision) Peter Tripp - 201 hours awake for charity 3 days into experiment, became unpleasant and abusive 5 days - hallucinations and paranoia Throughout experiment showed a continued decline in body temperature By the end waking brain wave patterns were indistinguishable from a sleeping pattern After 24 hours of sleep, he awoke and reported himself feeling fine Motivation Study - 3 groups 1. Sleep deprived (72hrs) without incentives 2. Sleep deprived with financial incentives 3. Control - no deprivation/incentives Tested on auditory vigilance task Group 2 as good as control after one night of sleep dep. but group one significantly less Even after 2 nights of sleep dep. group 2 still performed better than group 1 Ppts. Completely recovered and performed normally after 8 hours of sleep Not all sleep necessary for return of normal cognitive functions (core sleep) Motivation can override effects of deprivation to an extent AO3 - pop. Validity (5 ppts), sleep deprived participants would have occasional micro sleeps, should have been a control group not deprived but with an incentive, unethical - but did obtain consent |
Rat study Randy Gardner - 11 days Peter Tripp Motivational Study |
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Restoration Explanation - Grenades |
Reductionist - Ignores role of evolution Science - Human research is largely unscientific |
Reductionist Science |
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Evolutionary Explanations - AO1 |
Focus on behaviours that benefit species when it comes to survival and reproduction Energy conservation - Everything needs energy and high metabolism animals use more energy Warm blooded animals need to disburse a lot of energy to maintain constant body temp Small animals find it problematic (esp. Animals with high metabolic rates - e.g. Mice) Sleep serves purpose of enforced inactivity, using less energy Hibernation = conserving energy Small animals sleep longer BC they have a higher metabolism Foraging requirements - If sleep necessary, time spent sleeping may be restrained by food requirements Herbivores (cows) spend time eating plants which are poor in nutrients, so spend more time eating than sleeping Carnivores (dogs) eat food high in nutrients so do not need to eat continuously and have more time to sleep Predator avoidance - Sleep is constrained by predators If an animal is a predator they can sleep for longer Prey species sleep less as they must remain vigilant to avoid predators - be alert Waste of time - (Meddice) Sleep helps animals to stay out of the way of predators during parts of the day when they are most vulnerable For most animals this means sleeping in hours of darkness Siegel - Being awake more risky than sleeping, as animal more likely to be injured Meddice - Sleep ensures that animals stay still when they have nothing better to do with their time Young - in the wild the best strategy to pass on genes is to stay asleep for as long as possible |
Energy conservation Foraging requirements Predator avoidance Waste of time |
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Evolutionary explanations - AO2 and AO3 |
Zepelin + Rechtshaffen - studied relationship between sleep length and metabolic rate across 53 mammals Negative correlation between body size and total sleep time Supports idea of energy conservation (small animals sleep for longer) AO3 - No standardised procedure Allison and Cicchetti - relationship between sleep time and degree of danger experienced by the species (lab study) 39 species - negative correlation Does not apply to all species Rabbits sleep as much as moles even though rabbits have a much higher danger rating Han moles Supports predator avoidance - stay awake to be vigilant but goes against waste of time AO3 - Only Correlational, lab based, subjective rating of animal risk made by humans, no standardised procedures Capellini et al - Previous research flawed BC method used to collect data were not standardised so comparison between species meaningless Focused on land mammals and found a negative correlation between metabolic rates and sleep Found a trade off between sleep and foraging, supporting foraging requirements Goes against energy conservation Relationship between predator risk and sleep is a complex one - animals that sleep in exposed positions sleep less but time spent sleeping is also reduced in species that sleep socially - ought to sleep longer BC safety in numbers AO3 - Only correlatonal, can't generalise to humans |
Zeppelin - body size and sleep time Allison - degree of danger and sleep time Capellini - More specific Comments on all aspects of AO1 |
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Evolutionary explanations - Grenades |
Ethics - Keeping animals in labs Reductionist - Fails to explain complex nature of sleep Combined approach - (Horne) Some elements elements of sleep are for restoration Others are related to the function of unproductive hours (e.g. Conserving energy in small animals) Core and optional sleep |
Ethics Reductionist Combined Approach |
