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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Smooth msucle

involuntary movement. regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Example: stomach muscles

Striated muscles

voluntary control example, muscles in the arm.

fast twitch muscles

type of voluntary muscle that reacts quickly and strongly, but fatigues quickly. example: leg muscles.

slow twitch muscles

slow acting, but more resistant to fatigue. Example: muscles used to control posture.

Motor unit

single motor axon and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies.

small monotoneurons

supply slow twitch muscle fibers


require weak stimulation


results in low muscle tension

large motoneurons

supply fast twitch muscle fibers


requires strong stimulation


more muscle tension

Propioception

collecting information about the body movements and posistion

Muscle spindle

a receptor that reports the state of muscle joints to the CNS.

Intrafusal fibers


Gamma motoneurons

part of the muscle spindle. Small muscle fibers within the spindle that are fast acting and will cause fatigue. Gamma motoneurons.

Extrafusal fibers


Alpha motoneurons

outside of the muscle spindle slow acting and fatigue resistant

Muscular dystrophy

degeneration of muscles and their funtion



Dystrophin

related to muscular dystrophy; vital structure of muscles.

Myasthenia Gravis

profound weakness of skeletal muscles

Amyotrophic Lateral Schelrois ALS

degenerative disorder that seystroys the motoneurons of the brainstem and the spinal cord.


10% heritable.

Poliovirus

deystroys the motoneurons of the spinal cord.

Flaccid paralysis

considerable amount of spinal cord is damaged or severed completely.



Strategies for spinal cord injuries

stem cell therapy


growth of axon stumps- gilal cells


growth of axon stumps-neuroteophins


Peripheral nerve bridge

Huntington's disease

degenerative with cognitive dysfunction depression and schizophrenia like psychosis


destroys basal ganglia.

Purkinje cells

multipolar cells that control the cerebral cortex and produce inhibitory post synaptic potentials.

cerebellum

part of the brain that controls movement by inhibiting neurons.

non primary motor cortex

related to behavior by communicating with the brain stem, spinal cord, and M1.

SMA-supplementary motor area

part of the non primary cortex that receives information from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex. initiates movement sequences.

damage to the SMA causes

patients to be unable to make voluntary movements.

mirror neurons

a nueron that is located in the premotor cortex. active both when you make a movement and when you see another person make the same movement.

extrapyramidal system

lesions in this area will interfere with spinal reflexes.

basal ganglia

responsible for the amplitude and direction of movement, especially the type related to memories.

Myasthenia Gravis-

auto immunie disorder that causes weakness of skeletal muscles by attacking AchR.

gamma motoneurons

motoneurons that alter the tension within the spindle and control the sensitivity of the receptors.

alpha motoneurons

faster moto-nuerons that go to the extrafusal muscle fibers and control contractile fibers.