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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electromyogram (EMG) |
An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle |
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Electro-oculogram (EOG) |
An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements |
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Alpha Activity |
Smooth electrical activity of 8-12Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation |
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Beta Activity |
Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal |
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Theta Activity |
EEG activity of 3.5 - 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep |
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Delta Activity |
Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain ; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep |
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Slow-wave Sleep |
Non-REM sleep |
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Down State |
A period of inhibition during a slow oscillation during slow wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex are silent and resting |
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Up State |
A period of excitation during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex briefly fire at a high rate |
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REM Sleep |
A period of desynchronised EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep |
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Sleep Apnea |
Cessation of breathing while sleeping |
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Narcolepsy |
A sleep disorder characterised by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations |
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Cataplexy |
A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking |
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Orexin |
A peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus, their destruction causes narcolepsy |
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REM sleep behaviour disorder |
A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep thus acts out dreams |
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Fatal Familial Insomnia |
A fatal inherited disorder characterised by progressive insomnia |
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Locus Coeruleus |
A dark-coloured group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance |
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Raphe Nuclei |
A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons |
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Tuberomammilary Nucleus (TMN) |
A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammilary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioural arousal |
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Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (vlPOA) |
A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioural arousal and promotes sleep |
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Circadian Rhythm |
A daily rhythmical change in behaviour or physiological process |
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Zeitgeber |
A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms |
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organising many of the body's circadian rhythms |
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Melanopsin |
A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei |
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Sexually Dimorphic Behaviour |
A behaviour that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females |
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Gonad |
Ovary or testis |
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Sry |
The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes |
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Organisational Effect (of hormone)
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The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and developlment |
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Activational Effect (of hormone) |
The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organisational effects of hormones |
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Mullerian System |
The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs |
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Wolffian System |
The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs |
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Anti-Mullerian Hormone |
A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs |
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Defeminizing Effect |
An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioural characteristics typical of females |
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Androgen |
A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen |
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Masculinizing Effect |
An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioural characteristics typical of males |
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Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome |
A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, it causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs |
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Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome |
A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, it causes development of both male and female internal sex organs |
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Turner's Syndrome |
The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterised by the lack of ovaries bur otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia |
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Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone |
A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone |
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Gonadotropic Hormone |
A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads |
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus leteum |
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Kisspeptin |
A peptide essential for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of puberty and the maintenance of male and female reproductive ability; controls the secretion of GnRH, which directs the production and release of the gonadotripic hormones |
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Corpus Luteum |
A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone |
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Lee-Boot Effect |
The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals' urine; first observed in mice |
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Whitten Effect |
Synchronisation of menstrual cycles |
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Vendenbergh Effect |
The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male's urine |
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Bruce's Effect |
Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one who impregnated the female |
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Intravenous (IV) Injection |
Injection of a substance directly into a vein |
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Intaperitoneal (IP) Injection |
Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity - the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs |
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Intramuscular (IM) Injection |
Injection of a substance into a musclem |
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Antagonist |
A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell |
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Agonist
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A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell |
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Direct Agonist |
A drug that binds with and activates a receptor |
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Receptor Blocker |
(AKA direct antagonist) A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor |
