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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine
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EXCITATORY; funtions: muscle contractions, memory; deficit: Alzhiemer's
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Dopamine
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INHIBITORY; functions: voluntary muscle control, mood, learning and memory; deficit: Parkinson's
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Serotonin
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INHIBITORY; functions: arousal, awareness, sexual/emotional moods; deficit: anxiety, insomnia, depression
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Norepinephrine
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EXCITATORY; functions: heartbeat, learning, memory, emotion; deficit: depression
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Endorphins
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INHIBITORY; functions: pain perception; deficit: pain
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GABA
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INHIBITORY; function: allergies; deficit: anxiety
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Three neurotransmitters that involve emotion?
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Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine
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4 problems with drug interation:
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block reuptake, mimic neurotransmitters, increase/decrease production of neurotransmitters in presynaptic gap, block receptor sites
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excitatory
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turns next neuron on
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inhibitory
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turns next neuron off
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agonist
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increases the effect of
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antagonist
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decreases the effect of
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Biological Psychology
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attempts to understand the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior
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Complete the following communication sequence: dendrite, cell body, axon, _____, dendrite.
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neurotransmitter
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Endorphins are neurotransmitters that...
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act as the body's natural painkillers
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______ are to the nervous system as ______ are to the endocrine system
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dopamine, acetylcholine, endorphins; prolactin, oxytocin, growth hormone
remember the endocrine is hormones and making milk for babies! |
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The main communication like between the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain is the
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corpus callosum
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considerable evidence suggests that for most people, the ____ hemisphere of the brain is superior at langague abilities, whereas the ______ hemisphere is superior at nonverbal emotion expression
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left; right
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PET scans measure _________, whereas CAT and MRI scans provide a picture of _________.
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the brain's activity; the brain's structure
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List the four lobes of the forebrain
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frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal
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The effect of any particular neurotransmitter depends on:
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the receptor to which it binds
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The action potential is defined as:
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an electical impulse that sends signals from teh dendrites to the cell body to the axon
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Biological Psychology
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specialized brance of psych that studies the relationship between behavior and body processes and systems
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neuron
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highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell
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glial cells
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support cells that assist neurons be prodivind structual support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin
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sensory neuron
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neuron that conveys information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs
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motor neuron
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type of neuron that signals muscles to relax or contract
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interneuron
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type of neuron that communicates information from one neuton to the next
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cell body
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the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; AKA soma
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dendrites
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multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive information from other neurons or sensory receptor cells
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axon
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long, fluid-filled tupe that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas
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myelin sheath
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a white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that incrases ther communication speed
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action potential
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a brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron
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stimulus threshold
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the minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron
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resting potential
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state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation (-70 mv)
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all-or-none law
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the principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not occur
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synapse
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the point of communication between two neurons
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synaptic gap
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the tiny space between the axon terminal and one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron
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axon terminal
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branches at the end of the axon that contain tiny pouches or sacs called synaptic vesicles
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synaptic vesicle
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tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger manufactured by a neuron
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synaptic transmission
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the process in which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect adjoining neurons
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reuptake
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the process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again
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nervous system
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the primary internal communication network of the body; divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
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what is the break down of the nervous system?
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Central (brain, spinal cord)
Peripheral (somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system)) |
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nerve
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bundle of neuron axons that carries information in the peripheral nervous system
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central nervous system
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division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
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spinal reflexes
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simple, automatic behaviors that are processed in the spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system
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somatic nervous system
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subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that communicates sensory information to the central nervous system and carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
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sympathetic nervous system
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branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats; fight or flight response
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parasympathetic nervous system
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brance of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal body functions and conserves the body's physical resources
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endocrine system
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a communication system composed of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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hormones
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chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
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pituitary gland
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endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes
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adrenal glands
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pair of endocrine glands that are involved in the human stress response
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adrenal cortex
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the outer portion of the adrenal gland
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adrenal medulla
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the inner portion of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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gonads
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the endocrine gland that secrete hormones that regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive processes; ovaries in females and testes in males
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brain
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the main organ of the nervous system, made up of billions of neurons organized into a complex, integrated hierarchy of structures
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electroencephalograph (EEG)
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an instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record the brain's electrical activity
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CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)
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an instrument that produces two-dimensional pictures of brain structures using multiple x-rays that are reassembled by a computer
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner (MRI)
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an instrument that provides three-dimensional, highly detailed views of the brain using electrical signals generated by the brain in response to magnetic fields
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PET scan (positron emission tomography)
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an instrument that provides color-coded images of brain activity by measuring the amount of glucose or oxygen used in different brain regions
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brainstem
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a region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and the midbrain
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hindbrain
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a region at the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions
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medulla
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a hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing, circulation, and muscle tone
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pons
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a hindbrain strcutre that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum (a bridge over a PONd); helps coordinate and integrate movements on the two sides
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cerebellum
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a large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain responsible for muscle coordination, fine motor movements, and maintaining posture and equilibrium
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reticular formation
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a network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate information, attention, arousal and sleep
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midbrain
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the smallest brain region, which helps coordinate auditory and visual sensation
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substantia nigra
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an area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons
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forebrain
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the largest and most complex brain region, which contrains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes, made up of four lobes
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cerebral cortex
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the wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain, which contains the most sophisticated brain centers
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cerebral hemisphere
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the nearly symmetrical left and right halves of the cerebral cortex
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corpus callosum
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a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them
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temporal lobe
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an area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples which is the primary receiving area of auditory information
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occipital lobe
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an area at the back of each cerebral cortex hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information
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parietal lobe
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an area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes somatic sensations
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frontal lobe
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the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional expression and control
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association areas
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areas of the cerebral cortex where information from different brain centers is combined and integrated
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thalamus
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a forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all sense, except smell, and relays it to the cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
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a peanut-sized forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors related to survival, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity
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hippocampus
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a curved forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories
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amygdala
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an almond-shaped forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and involved in emotion and memory
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limbic system
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a group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and that are invovled in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory
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aphasia
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the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language due to brain injury or damage
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split-brain operation
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a surgical procedure that involves cutting the corpus callosum
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