Biological Psych. Chapter 2

Front 1

Neurons

Back 1

receive information and transmit it to other cells

Front 2

Glia

Back 2

cells that are another part of the brain but they are harder to summarize

Front 3

Cell Membrane

Back 3

Bi-lipid layer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

Structure that contains chromosomes

Front 5

Mitochondrion

Back 5

The structure that performs metabolic activity

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

Sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

Front 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 7

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations.

Front 8

Dendrites

Back 8

branching fibers that receive information from other neurons

Front 9

Soma

Back 9

Cell body that contains the nucleus. Covered in synapse' to gather information as well

Front 10

Axon

Back 10

Sends the cells information

Front 11

Myelin Sheath

Back 11

Covers vertebrate axons, made by oligodendrocytes and Schwinn cells. Allows for saltatory conduction

Front 12

Motor Neurons

Back 12

has a soma on the spinal cord. Performs its actions on muscles

Front 13

Sensory Neurons

Back 13

Specialized on one end to be sensitive to outside stimuli. Connected to the skin and runs inside the body

Front 14

Afferent Axon

Back 14

Brings information into a structure (Sensory)

Front 15

Efferent Axon

Back 15

Carries information away from a structure (Motor)

Front 16

Intrinsic Neuron

Back 16

The dendrites and axon are within a single structure. (Brain)

Front 17

Gila

Back 17

The other important cell part of the nervous system. Don't send info. but they send chemicals to adjacent neurons. Gila are smaller but there are more of them than neurons.

Front 18

Atrocytes

Back 18

Star-shaped, wraps around the presynaptic terminal of a group of axons. Takes up, stores, and releases chemicals to neurons

Front 19

Microgila

Back 19

small cells, that remove dead neurons, waste, viruses...ect

Front 20

Oligodendrocytes

Back 20

Build up Myelin. Located in the brain and spinal cords

Front 21

Radial Glia

Back 21

Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

Front 22

Blood-Brain Barrier

Back 22

The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out if the vertebrate brain.

Front 23

Active Transport

Back 23

Allows vital nutrients to get through the barrier. Uses protein to pump them through

Front 24

Electrical Gradient

Back 24

difference in positive and negative charges across the membrane

Front 25

Diffusion

Back 25

Movement of high concentration to low concentration

Front 26

Concentration Gradient

Back 26

The difference in distribution of ions across the membrane allows the flow of ions from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Front 27

Voltage Gradient

Back 27

The difference in distribution of voltage or charge in ions across membrane allows the flow of ions from high to low.

Front 28

When is a neuron resting?
Where is it's threshold?

Back 28

-70mV
-50mV

Front 29

What does diffusion depend on?

Back 29

Difference in concentration and voltage gradient

Front 30

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Back 30

Three Na+ leave
Two K+ enter
The difference in charge across the membrane maintains pump

Front 31

Hyper polarization

Back 31

Increasing the negative charge inside the neuron. Decreasing the likelihood of AP

Front 32

Depolarization

Back 32

Decreasing the negative charge inside the neuron. Increases likelihood of AP

Front 33

Graded Potentials

Back 33

Small, local changes in the membrane potential in response to incoming singles from other neurons

Front 34

Action Potential

Back 34

The rapid depolarization of a cell.
1. Threshold is reached (-50mV)
2. All or none

Front 35

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 35

exposed parts of the axons between the mylein.

Front 36

Saltatory Conduction

Back 36

When the electrical current jumps from node to node. Speeds up the firing and information

Front 37

All-or-none Law

Back 37

The amplitude and velocity of an AP are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it.

Front 38

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 38

The membrane cannot produce an AP regardless of stimulation.

Front 39

Axon Hillock

Back 39

In motor neurons, Where the axon begins off the cell body.

Front 40

Voltage-Gated Channels

Back 40

The membrane proteins that control sodium entry. Channels who permeability depends on the voltage difference across the membrane.