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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What’s looked at to determine age at death estimation |
- Developmental changes to skeleton - follow predictive rate of development in a given age range - more accurate - Degenerative changes - occur at different rate in and within different populations and samples |
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What factors can help determine degenerative changes |
- environmental - health - genetic |
3 |
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Developmental changes are up to what age |
Up to stage you reach skeletal maturation |
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What needs to be determined before age at death |
1. Biological sex 2. Ancestry |
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What are the limitations of determining age at death |
1. Most methods developed are for populations rather than individuals 2. Many methods based on modern population samples with similar socio economic and enviro factors that impact ageing process |
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What 4 ageing techniques are used for sub-adult/ juvenile remains |
1. Skeletal development and fusion of epiphyses 2. Fusion of the sutures and fontanelles 3. Length of long bones 4. Dentition - mineralisation and eruption - rate they develop and fall out , happen at very predictable sequences. - developmental changes |
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What is epiphyseal fusion |
Fusion of the long bones |
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What bone takes the longest to fuse and what age does it finish |
Clavicle - medial end - 25yrs old |
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If you have really young children and bones are in pieces what can you do to age them |
Identify their ages through the different features and sections of the individual bones |
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What is the fusion between the sphenoid and occipital called |
Spheno- occipital synchondrosis - fuses over so there’s no line between - happens late , between 18 and 25 - some cases at 13 yrs |
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Up to what age is the measurement of long bones useful |
- up to 10 yrs at which point it comes less accurate - can be used in combination with other sub adult ageing techniques |
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How do you measure long bones |
Measure the diaphyseal (shaft) |
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At what age does all of the teeth come through |
35 years - 3rd molar is final one to come through - a lot of people remove 3rd molar now so not a reliable indicator |
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How do we work out if someone doesn’t have a 3rd molar or it hasn’t erupted yet |
Take an X-ray or look at dental records |
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Problem with mixed dentition |
Can’t see what permanent teeth haven’t erupted |
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After 35 what is looked at for teeth |
Wearing down of teeth |
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Problem for looking at teeth in modern times |
- methods developed were for looking at archaeological populations - would wear down more quickly due to gritty diets - our diet is softer - dentists help maintain better teeth conditions |
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What 9 ageing techniques used for adult remains |
1. Pubic symphysis 2. Auricular surface 3. Retroauricular surface 4. Sternal end of the ribs 5. Suture closure 6. Fusion of ventral rings on the vertebrae 7. Microstructure of bones 8. Bone density 9. Dentition - eruption, tooth wear |
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What are the 3 adult age categories what |
Young adult - 20-35 Middle adult - 36- 50 Old adult - 50+ |
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What 5 variables are looked at for the pubic symphysis |
1. Ventral rampart 2. Dorsal margin 3. Bony nodules 4. The rim 5. Lipping |
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How do bones change as you age |
1. Young - exhibit ridges which are separated by furrows that run across surface 2. Furrows fill in (starts posteriorly then anteriorly) 3. Face becomes flat and granular in appearance 4. Goes from granular to fine textured bone 5. Older individuals - pitted and eroded |
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What two characters develop over time for the ventral rampart / how does it age |
1. Bevel 2. A rampart - over time ridges degenerate and furrows are filled - margin develops around pubic surface |
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How does dorsal margin age |
- ridges break down and furrows fill - bone on ventral pubic face builds up - surface extends backwards and forms plateau - upper and lower margins of pubic face are hard to see in youth, more defined as you age |
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What does the technique by McKern and Steward focus on for the public symphysis |
1. Dorsal (posterior) Demi face 2. Ventral (anterior) rampart 3. Symphyseal rim - each component on scale of 0-5, all added together - create age estimation - can only be used for males |
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