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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Hazards Viruses
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Infectious microorganism (3-10% of infections) consisting of RNA/DNA that reproduce only in living cells
Transmitted via fecal-oral route Freezing will not destroy |
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Biological Hazards Parasites
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Organisms that live on or within another organism at the host’s expense
Protozoa, roundworms, tapeworms |
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Fungi that lack chlorophyll
Require less moisture, thrive at room temp, visible Bloom - cottony, fuzzy growth of molds Mycotoxin - toxin produced by a mold; can cause food intoxication Aspergillus flavus - Aflatoxin; peanuts and grains |
Fungi that lack chlorophyll
Require less moisture, thrive at room temp, visible Bloom - cottony, fuzzy growth of molds Mycotoxin - toxin produced by a mold; can cause food intoxication Aspergillus flavus - Aflatoxin; peanuts and grains |
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Biological hazards Prions
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Infectious proteolytic-resistant protein particles without DNA/RNA; not destroyed by heat
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) travels up spinal cord to brain - loss of coordination to convulsions, death Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease is human manifestation Transmitted by feeding rendered animal products from diseased animals as feed ingredients, particularly CNS tissue |
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Biological Hazards Prions
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DHHS banned use of rendered carcasses as ruminant feed; allowed in non-ruminant feed - subsequent waste products permitted in ruminant feed
Small % of high-risk animals tested; Britain tests 70%, Japan 100% Meatpackers must remove CNS tissue from older animals Greatest risk - meat with spinal cord, beef extracted by advanced meat recovery |
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Growth Hormones rBGH / rBST
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6 hormones approved for use in ruminants; 80% of cattle, 1/3 of dairy cattle
Boosts body mass, growth rate, milk production Contributes to increased risk of mastitis, higher breast cancer risk (IGF-1) Environmental impact water, fish Banned in EU and Japan |
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Antibiotics
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Constant influx of antibiotics fed to farm animal to enhance growth, prevent disease
Many are identical or closely related to important human antibiotics Leads to antibiotic resistance |
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Food Residues - Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Chemicals released into the atmosphere from industry, agriculture, automobiles, and waste disposal
Found in virtually all categories of foods Organic halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine, PCBs, dioxins Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury |
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Pesticides
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Myriad of chemicals used to help protect against crop losses, reduce incidence of disease, increase crop yields
Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides; natural or synthetic Can remain as a toxin on foods Americans 3X more likely to be exposed to dangerous pesticide residues with imported food Associated with increased cancer risk - tolerable levels unclear |
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Methylmercury in seafood
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Atmospheric mercury from coal-fired plants, fungicides, fuel exhaust, etc; converted by microbial activity into methylmercury
Concentrations depend on levels of contamination, predatory nature/lifespan of species Readily absorbed, actively transported into tissues, binds to peptides inhibits antioxidant systems, produces free radicals |
