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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS
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Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord - controls body movement Brainstem - Vital functions, Sensory processing, control of movement Forebrain - Cognition and memory, emotion, sensory processing, control of movement |
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
-Somatic Nervous System -Automatic Nervous System |
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ANS
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Automatic Nervous System
Sympathetic System - arouses body for action and mediates the fight or flight response. Parasympathetic System - prepares body to rest and digest and reverses fight or flight responses |
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SNS
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Somatic Nervous System
-Cranial and spinal nerves involved in signaling -Transmits sensory info to the CNS -Produces movement |
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Neuron
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Carries out brian's major functions.
Pyramidal cell (like a pyramid) |
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Glia
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Aids and modulates the neuron's activities.
astrocyte (star) |
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Synaptic Cleft
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electrical signal, space between dendrites and synapse
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Myelin Sheath
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fatty sheath, insulator that facilitates movement down the axon.
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Nerve vs Tract
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Several axons running together, nerve when outside the brain, tract when inside
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White Matter
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Areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons
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Gray Matter
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Areas of the nervous system predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels.
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Sulcus
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a small cleft formed by folding of the cerebral cortex
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Gyrus
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a groove (bump) in the brain matter
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Fissure
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large cleft in the brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
CSF |
Salty fluid cushioning brain and spinal cord
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Ventricle
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A cavity in the brain that contains crebrospinal fluid.
Enlarged ventricles - sign of deterioration in the brain. |
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Dorsal (superior)
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Above, view of brain
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Medial
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Middle, view of brain
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Ventral (Inferior)
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Below, view of brain
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Anterior (Frontal)
(Rostral) |
Front, view of brain
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Lateral
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Side, view of brain
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Posterior (Caudal)
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Tail, back, view of brain
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Spinal Cord
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Controls most body movement
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Brainstem
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Vital Functions
Regulatory Functions Sensory processing Control of movement |
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Forebrain
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Cognition and memory
Emotion Sensory processing Control of movement |
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Neuron
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Carry out brain's major functions, pyramidal cell
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical released by a neuron into a synaptic cleft with an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the target neuron.
ie, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine/Adrenaline, Acetylcholine |
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates allostasis, regulates things in body to maintain sameness, Food and water intake, temperature, heart rate, emotional behavior, sexual behavior, hormone levels
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Limbic System
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Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cingulate Cortex
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Amygdala
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Fear and threat, reward/punishment
Associates emotion with situations, fight vs flight |
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Hippocampus
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Memory formation (short term memory), Spatial navigation
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Cingulate Cortex
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Emotional cortex
Communication between prefrontal cortex and amygdala and hippocampus |
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Over-active amygdala
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perceives everything as a threat, either very anxious or very aggressive
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Frontal Lobe
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Higher level cognition, planning, language, esp prefrontal cortex
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Temporal Lobe
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Memory, emotion, Visual recognition, auditory
AMPE (audio, memory, p, emotion) |
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Parietal Lobe
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Spatial processing, sensory integration, perception as a whole
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual information
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Corpus Callosum
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connects the hemispheres of the brain
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Sympathetic System
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arouses the body for action and mediates the fight or flight response
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Parasympathetic System
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Prepares body to "rest and digest" and reverses fight or flight responses.
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Zygote
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combined two cells, stage lasts from fertilization until implantation, *2 weeks
Rapid cell division |
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Embryo
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lasts from implantation until 8 weeks, major development occurs in all organs and systems of the body. Cell division, migration, differentiation, and cell death.
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Fetus
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9 weeks until birth.
Development of physical structures, Increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning |
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Meiosis
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Creation of germ cells, cell goes from 4n to producing 4 bodies with N amount of chromosomes. (4 sperm and 1 egg w/3 polar bodies)
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Germ cells
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sex cells, sperm and egg
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Conception
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combination of sperm and egg, chemical reaction seals egg from other sperm. 1/500,000,000 makes it in
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Cell division
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divides into new cells rapidly creating the blastocyte
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Blastocyte
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ball of cells that will eventually form into the placenta and the baby (looks like an eyeball)
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Implantation
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when the blastocyte connects with the wall of the uterus
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Gastrulation
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cells differentiate into outer cells and inner cell mass. Inner cell mass forms into 3 layers, Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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Inner cell mass
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forms the baby
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Ectoderm
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top layer of inner cell mass, will form nervous system and face
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Mesoderm
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middle layer, will become bones, muscles, and organs
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Endoderm
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bottom layer, will become digestive system, lungs, and glands
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Placenta
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the bag the baby is in, fluid filled
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Outer cells (of blastocyte)
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form support system, ie the placenta and umbilical cord
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Neural Induction
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the process of transforming the undifferentiated tissue lining the dorsal side ofthe ectoderm into nervous system tissue (top layer of ectoderm)
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Neural plate
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Thickened region of the ectodermal layer that gives rise to the neural tube (top layer of ectoderm)
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Neuralation
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22nd-26th day
Development of the neural tube and formation of the CNS |
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Neural tube
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structure in teh early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop
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Notochord
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forms spine, backbone
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Cephalic disorders
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Congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of the budding nervous system.
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Neural tube defects
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correlated with folic acid deficiencies
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Anencephaly
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by 24 days of gestation
Neural tube fails to close at anterior end Lack of skull closure & forebrain development Usually blind, deaf, unconscious, and unable to feel pain, reflex actions my occur ~1000-2000 births each year females more than males parts of brain missing most do not survive |
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Aprosencephaly
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No frontal brain
Develop brain stem but not prosencephon Similar look to anencephaly but intact skull, skin, hair |
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Holoprosencephaly
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only 1 brain section (no hemispheres)
fails to cleave into hemispheres and lobes sigle spherical cerebrum with single ventricle Spectrum of malfromations of the brain and face 1/2 cases has a chromosomal cause |
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Spina Bifida
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during 1st month
Back end of tube fails to close, infant's skin doesn't close over spinal cord Spinal opening can be surgically repaired shortly after birth, but the nerve damage is permanent Leads to paralysis |
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Hydrocephilis
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Water on the brain
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Neural Stem cell
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A self-renewing multipotential cell that gives rise to neurons and glia
Cells lining ventricle |
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Ventricular Zone
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Lining of the neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults
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Progenitor Cell
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Precursor cell derived from a stem cell; it migrates and produces a neruon or glial cell
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Neurotrophic Factor
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A chemical compound that acts to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons
Chemical signal - turns genes on - specific proteins are made - specific cells |
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Proliferation
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Neurogenesis/cell birth
by cell division beginning by end of 1st prenatal month peaking between 3rd and 4th prenatal month, symmetrical and asymmetrical phase, Mostly complete by 18 weeks post conception |
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Micrencephaly
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Too few neurons are produced
Very small brain & normal or reduced head size Genetic (autosomal recessive) or environmental (rubella, irradiation, maternal alcoholism, excessive vitamin A, HIV) Varying degrees of mental and physical retardation, speech may be delayed Often dwarfed or underweight No treatment available |
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Macrencephaly
(Megalencephaly) |
Too many neurons produced
Abnormally large, heavy, and unusually malfunctioning brain Genetic, often autosomal dominant Convulsive disorders and seizures Although it may be associated with mental retardation, in approximately on-half of cases mental development is normal (50% are ok) |
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Unilateral Megalencephaly
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One side of brain is too large
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Neural Migration
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Begins 6-8 weeks after conception, completed by 24-29 weeks
Damage has more seious consequences Neurons travel on glial fibers to their destinations within the developing CNS A hormone called reelin signals that the neuron has reached its destination and the neuron gets off the glial fiber |
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Reelin
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hormone that signals that the neuron has reached its final destination, and it gets off the glial fiber
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Radial Migration
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Down to Up
Neurons travel along the radial glia from proliferation zones to outer areas of the CNS 70-80% use this pathway birth date and location of progenitor cell determine where the neuron will reside |
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Tangenital
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Permits neurons to travel parallel to the surface of the developing brain & enter and exit different brain regions
Environmental cues influence the cell placement |
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Lissencephaly
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3rd and 4th months
Smooth brain (few or no gyri) Cause can be both genetic and environmental Symptoms:unusual facial apperance, difficulty swallowing, failure to thrive, and severe psychomotor retardation, seizures Most common respitory problems |
