Biological Diversity And Invasions

Front 1

What are the 9 main reasons people value nature?

Back 1

1. Utilitarian 4. Ecological 7. Recreational

2. Aesthetic 5. Moral 8. Spiritual

3. Creativity 6. Public Service 9. Theological

Front 2

Describe the utilitarian, aesthetic and creative reasons

Back 2

1. Species that provide products of direct value to humans (eggs, milk, down, medicine)

2. The beauty of nature, including the value of life.

3. Writers, musicians, and artists gain stimulation for their work by using/looking at nature

Front 3

Describe the ecological, moral and public service reasons

Back 3

1. species that have a roles in their ecosystems that are possibly necessary to allow that ecosystem to persist and possibly all life to persist

2. The belief that certain aspects of nature/organisms should persist, independent of human value.

3. Ecosystems that provide services that are beneficial to humans in which they are too expensive or impossible to do (releasing oxygen, capturing CO2, decomposing, pollinating)

Front 4

Describe the recreational, spiritual, and theological reasons

Back 4

1. People enjoying nature by going out and doing activities.

2. Nature has the ability to move people

3. Some religions value nature and its diversity (Buddhism and Paganism)

Front 5

1. What is biological diversity?

2. What are the 2 ways that biological diversity is expressed?

Back 5

1. Refers to the diversity of life forms in a given area

2. *The number of species in an area

*The number of genetic types in an area

Front 6

1. What's genetic diversity?

2. What's habitat diversity?

3. What are the three things that species diversity is composed of? Define them

Back 6

1. The total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, group of species, etc.

2. The different types of habitats in a given area

3. *Species richness: # of species

*Species evenness: Relative abundance of a species

*Species dominance: Most abundant species in the area

Front 7

Group A: 10 species, 100 individuals, 9 species with 2 individuals each and 1 species with 87 individuals

Group B: 10 species, 100 individuals, all species with 10 individuals each

1. Which group has the greater species richness

2. Which group has the better species evenness?

3. Which species is dominant in Group A and B individually?

Back 7

1. They have the same species richness

2. Group B

3. a) the species with 87 individuals b) no dominance

Front 8

1. What is not sufficient enough to describe biological diversity?

2. How many species have been identified?

3. What's the estimate of the number of species that currently exist?

4. All living things are categorized into ______

Back 8

1. Simply counting the number of different species in an area.

2. 1.5M

3. 3M

4. taxa

Front 9

List all the categories from the Linnaen hierarchy from the broadest category to the most specific category

Back 9

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 10

1. Which Linnean hierarchy is a) the most inclusive b) the most specific?

2. What are the 3 domains of the linnean hierarchy? Describe them.

Back 10

1. a) kingdom b) species

2. Eukarya- organisms with eukaryotic/complex cells (animals, plants, fungi)

Bacteria

Archaea- organisms composed of prokaryotic cells (no nucleolus or nucleus)- usually single-celled.

Front 11

1. Which animal type has the most species diversity?

2. Who came up with the theory of evolution? When?

3. What's evolution?

Back 11

1. Insects

2. Charles Darwin. 19th century

3. The heritable change in one or more characteristics in a species/group of species over the course of many generation to form a new species/multiple species.

Front 12

1. What is one of the features that distinguish life from everything else in the universe?

2. Our understanding of evolution today is enhanced by __________. 2 e.g.s

Back 12

1. Evolution

2. Modern Science:

-Coding DNA sequence (just using DNA in general)

-PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Front 13

1. What's PCR?

2. Who confounded PCR? How did he fall from fame?

3. What are the 2 things that cause new species to arise?

4. What are the 4 processes that lead to evolution?

Back 13

1. The process of amplifying a single copy of a gene or several copies of a gene.

2. Kerry- didn't believe in AIDS or climate change

3. -Competition of a natural resource

-Differences among individuals in their adaptations for environmental conditions.

4. Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration

Front 14

1. What's mutation?

2. What are the 2 main causes of mutation

Back 14

1. An error in the DNA sequence during DNA replication and it is passed onto the new cells.

2. Radiation and viruses.

Front 15

1. What are the 3 possible outcomes of mutations? Give examples

2. What's inherited from one generation to the next?

Back 15

1. *Doesn't allow the offspring to survive (tripsomy 13)

*Adds to the genetic variability of a species (blue eyes)

*Changes the offspring substantially to form a new species

2. Genetic material

Front 16

1. Genes are contained in the _____________ of each cell.

2. Genes are made up of _____

3. DNA is made up of _______

4. Describe DNA base pairings

5. What determines the message interpreted by a cell?

Back 16

1. Chromosomes

2. DNA

3. bases

4. A-T and C-G

5. The specific sequence of the bases

Front 17

1. When a cell divides .... (2 things)

2. What is natural selection?

Back 17

1. It's DNA divides and each daughter cells gets a copy of the divided DNA

2. The process of eliminating individuals of a species with features that make them less suitable to the environment, while allowing individuals of a species better suited to the environment to reproduce and survive.

Front 18

1. Describe how a new species can form as a result of natural selection (descendants/accumulation of changes)

2. Can we change the rate of NS? Give e.g

Back 18

1. The better suited descendants form a large % of the next generation + The accumulation of genetic changes over times promotes reproductive isolation = new species.

2. Yes- glasses

Front 19

1. What 4 factors are involved in NS?

2. What's genetic variation?

Back 19

1. *Genetic variability

*Environmental variability

*Differential reproduction which varies with the environment- alpha males present

*Influence of the environment on survival and reproduction

2. Inheritance of traits from one generation to the next with differences in these traits

Front 20

1. Describe a) differential reproduction b) influence of the environment on survival and reproduction

Back 20

1 a) Some organisms reproduce and some don't depedending on environmental conditions and the presence of an alpha male

b) animals with thick coats in very cold environments reproduce

Front 21

1. Describe how geographic isolation forms new species.

2. ________ is an important evolutionary process of geological time. What does it lead to?

Back 21

1. Geographic barriers separate groups of individuals from the same species- prevents gene flow and they can't come in contact

Over time, due to evolution, they develop many differences which promotes reproductive isolation= new species

2. Migration; adaptive radiation

Front 22

1. Define adaptive radiation

2. What's genetic drift?

3. What's founder effect?

Back 22

1. The process of a group of organisms enters a new habitat with unoccupied niches and they evolve into a group of new species adapted to one of these niches.

2. Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population is simply by chance.

3. When a small group of organisms is isolated from the larger, original group.

Front 23

1. Does the small isolated group of individuals formed by the founder effect have more or less variation than the original population?

2. The small group's presented characteristics are affected by _______.

3. The individuals in the small group may not be _____ adapted or _________.

Back 23

1, Less

2. Chance

3. better adapted or different

Front 24

1. What are the 4 things that bioevolution tells us about biodiversity?

2. Species adapt in response to _____ _______.

3. _________ is a part of nature

4. Can we expect threats in one species to be threats in another?

5. What is one way that species can get into trouble based on evolutionary change?

Back 24

1. -Tells us which species in an area can live -Geographical isolation/genetic drift occurs in species from time to time - Adaptation has no rigid rules -Species are always evolving/adapting

2. environmental changes

3. Complexity

4. No

5. They don't evolve fast enough with environmental changes, leading to extinction

Front 25

1. What are the 4 interactions between species? Describe with plus and minus signs

2. What is the competitive exclusion principle? E.g.

Back 25

1 *competition

*predation/parasitism

*mutualism

*Commensalism

2. When two species with similar needs cannot coexist

Front 26

1. What is commensalism?

2. Complete competitors ____ coexist. Why?

3. Describe a niche

4 What does the ecological niche concept explain

Back 26

1. When two species do not interact with each other

2. cannot- too much effort/energy/competition

3. All the environmental factors under which a species can persist and carry out life functions- it's role in the ecosystem

4. how so many species can coexist

Front 27

1. What are the two types of measured niches? Define them

2. Give an example

Back 27

1. Fundamental niche: Everywhere that a species is able to live without the influence of organisms around them

Realized niche: The area where the species can actually live (smaller than the fundamental niche)- influenced by the organisms/environmental conditions around it

2. Fish in freshwater

Front 28

1. Which type of animal has a larger specialized niche and is less constrained to certain environmental conditions: humans or fish? (explain)

2. What are the 2 main components of a niche? Draw the graph with representation of a functional and realized niche

Back 28

1. Humans- less restrained to certain environmental conditions, while fish may be restrained to salt conditions

2. Temp and precipitation

Front 29

1. What's a a) generalist b)specialist?

2. Which has the larger niche?

3. Is an invasive species a generalist or specialist?

4. Which one tends to avoid competition?

5. Draw the diagrams

Back 29

1. a) An organism that can live in many areas- doesn't have to live under the restraint of a certain environmental condition

b) Organism that can only in live in certain areas with certain environmental conditions

3. Generalist

4. Specialists

Front 30

1. What is symbiosis?

2. Each partner in symbiosis is called a ______

3. e.g. of symbiosis with a reindeer and gut bacteria

4. Who a) benefits b) doesn't benefit from predation and parasitism?

Back 30

1. A relationship between orgs that's both beneficial for them- enhances each org's chances of persisting

2. Symbiont

3. Reindeer- food digestion for nutrition Bacteria-home

4. a) parasite/predator b) host/prey

Front 31

1. What is predation?

2. What is parasitism?

3. What is decomposition?

Back 31

1. When an organism (predator) feeds on another live organism (prey).

2. When an organism (parasite) live in, on, or within another organism (host)

3. When an organism (decomposer) feeds on a dead organism

Front 32

1. Species are ________ uniformly distributed _______ and _______

2. Species that live on land change with _____ and ________

3. What's "aspect" in terms of topography?

Back 32

1. Not; globally and locally

2. soil and topography

3. The direction that the slope is facing

Front 33

1. Give 4 factors of topography that change the type/number of species in an area

2. What's a treeline?

3. As you go up the slope, the elevation ______, which changes ......

4. What changes as the aspect and nearness of the drainage basin changes?

Back 33

1. Slope, aspect, elevation, nearness to the drainage basin

2. Point where a change in trees occurs.

3. the temperature decreases, the veg changes and the pressure decreases.

4. Temp, soil, veg

Front 34

What are the 7 ways that increase diversity?

Back 34

1. Evolution

2. A physically diverse habitat

3. Small variation in environment

4. Not a lot of disturbance

5. High diversity in one trophic level may increase the diversity in another (many tress provide multiple habitats and food for birds)

6. Environment highly modified by life (soil)

7. Middle stages of succession

Front 35

What are the 6 ways that decrease diversity?

Back 35

1. Extreme environment

2. Great/frequent disturbances

3. Lack in the supply of an essential resource

4. Environmental stress

5. Introduction of exotic species

6. Geographic isolation

Front 36

1. What's a biotic province?

2. In 1876, Wallace suggested that the world ........

3. Is his idea still valid and extend to all life forms?

Back 36

1. A large area that contains a distinct set of organisms and barriers that prevent emigration and immigration

2. Could be divided into 6 biogeographical realms

3. Yes

Front 37

1. What are the 6 biogeographic realms?

2. 3 characteristics of a biogeographic realm

3. e.g.s of common animals in NA, SA, Aussie, Africa

Back 37

1. Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian

2. Contains a distinct set of organisms

Organisms in the biome are closely related to each other

They lived and adapted to the biome for a really long time

Front 38

1. When a species is introduced, it is likely to be _____ or ______ ______ to native species.

2. _________ and _______ adjustments are yet to take place. Why?

3. Introduced species may become the ______ competitor

Back 38

1. unrelated or distantly related

2. Ecological and evolutionary-Has not evolved/adapted in the presence of the home species

3. superior

Front 39

Describe the 3 things about newly introduced species

Back 39

1. Unrelated or distantly related to the organisms in the biome

2. They have not undergone ecological and evolutionary changes to adapt to the environment

3. They may become the superior competitor

Front 40

1. What is a biome?

2. Can a biome be present in different continents? Why or why not?

Back 40

1. A kind of ecosystem that's a function of temperature and rainfall

2. Yes, because similar environments provide similar opportunities and constraints for life

Front 41

1. What do similar environments provide/lead to?

2. What's the rule of climatic similarity?

Back 41

1. Similar opportunities and constraints that lead to the evolution of organisms in similar form and function, but not necessarily genetic heritage or internal makeup (and similar ecosystems)

2. Answer 1

Front 42

Differences between a biotic province and a biome?

2. If we know the ____, we can make predictions about the biome

Back 42

1. A biotic province is based on who is related to whom; it is an evolutionary unit. A biome is based on niches and habitats- its climate helps us determine what type of biome

Front 43

1. Biomes are a function of _____ and ____.

2. Characteristics in temp and rainfall for:

a) Tundra

b_ Tropical rainforest

c) Subtropical desert

d) Savanna- what form is it

Back 43

1. Niches and habitats

2. a) Low temp + Low rainfall

b) High temp + High rainfall

c) Wide range of temps + Low rainfall

d) A transitional form

Front 44

1. What's convergent evolution?

2. What's divergent evolution?

Back 44

1. When 2 different species share a similar set of characteristics, because they occupy similar environmental conditions.

2. When a species splits and evolves into 2 or more different species.

Front 45

Island biogeography:

* Islands have _______ species than continents

*The smaller the island, the _____ the species

*The farther away the island is from the mainland, the ______ the species, because ....

* The smaller the island, the ______ individuals it can support

Back 45

1. fewer

2. less

3. fewer; less resources and it is harder to get to the location

4. Less

Front 46

1. The two new sources of species on islands in ________ and _______

2. What size of island tends to have fewer habitats?

3. What's the disadvantage with small populations?

Back 46

1. migration and evolution

1. Small

2. Small pops can be easily wiped out by a catastrophe/storm/flood/disturbance- the smaller the op, the greater the risk of extinction

Front 47

1. Islands tend to maintain a ________ number of species over time, which is the result of ......

2. Island biogeography applies to ____ and _____ islands

Back 47

1. Consistent; the rate at which species are added minus the rate at which they become extinct

2. real; ecological

Front 48

1. What's an ecological island?

2. What does biogeography affect?

3. What does changes in biodiversity affect?

Back 48

1. A comparatively small habitat separated from a major habitat of some kind.

2. Biodiversity

3. Affect people and resources which extend from individuals to civilizations

Front 49

1. What are the 3 ways that people alter biodiversity?

2. What are the pros and cons that introduced exotics have caused?

3. What are exotics?

Back 49

1. * Direct hunting * Directly disturbing habitats *Introducing exotic species into new habitats

2. Pros: Becomes a food source- landscaping- pets

Cons: Can causes disastrous ecological consequences

Front 50

1. Which area mostly brought about invasive species?

2. Where has the most plant pest interceptions?

Back 50

1. Central/South America (Africa/Asia)

2. The airport